Self-organization of tropical seasonal rain forest in southwest China

How to measure development of ecosystems is both a theoretical and practical question in ecology. Species richness and biomass accumulation are familiar figures of merit, but they cannot be instant watched. Self-organization is a tacit character. However, methods to measure the degree of self-organization of ecosystem are problematic. To this end Lin et al. (2009) have devised indicators of energy capture and dissipation so that self-organization defined via maximum energy dissipation can be quantified easily. Here the method is used to analyze long-term data (2004-2006) of a tropical seasonal rain forest included in the ChinaFLUX program. Three years of average self-organization values were clearly separated by seasonal variation. Reflection and long wave radiation are the main two pathways of energy loss. For tropical seasonal rain forest studied, long wave radiation contributed most to energy loss, and was negatively correlated with energy capture ability (Rn/DR). The nocturnal difference between canopy and air temperatures had a strong negative correlation with the long wave radiation loss ratio. However, the long wave radiation loss ratio was slightly lower than the reflection loss ratio in rainy season, when values were very low. Precipitation and wind had significant impact on energy dissipation ability in the hot dry season, but the correlation coefficients between precipitation and wind with thermal response numbers (TRNs) were very low. The results indicated that the self-organization estimation system based on “maximum energy dissipation theory” is applicable for tropical forest.     

A numerical model of wave- and current-driven nutrient uptake by coral reef communities

We developed a numerical model capable of simulating the spatial zonation of nutrient uptake in coral reef systems driven by hydrodynamic forcing (both from waves and currents). Relationships between nutrient uptake and bed stress derived from flume and field studies were added to a four-component biogeochemical model embedded within a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic ocean model coupled to a numerical wave model. The performance of the resulting coupled physical-biogeochemical model was first evaluated in an idealized one-dimensional (1-D) channel for both a pure current and a combined wave-current flow. Waves in the channel were represented by an oscillatory flow with constant amplitude and frequency. The simulated nutrient concentrations were in good agreement with the analytical solution for nutrient depletion along a uniform channel, as well as with existing observations of phosphate uptake across a real reef flat. We then applied this integrated model to investigate more complex two-dimensional (2-D) nutrient dynamics, firstly to an idealized coral reef-lagoon morphology, and secondly to a realistic section of Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, where nutrients were advected into the domain via alongshore coastal currents. Both the idealized reef and Ningaloo Reef simulations showed similar patterns of maximum uptake rates on the shallow forereef and reef crest, and with nutrient concentration decreasing as water flowed over the reef flat. As a result of the cumulative outflow of nutrient-depleted water exiting the reef channels and then being advected down the coast by alongshore currents, both reef simulations exhibited substantial alongshore variation in nutrient concentrations. The coupled models successfully reproduced the observed spatial-variability in nitrate concentration across the Ningaloo Reef system.     

Modelling the spatial population dynamics of the green oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana) using density dependent competitive interactions: Effects of herbivore mortality and varying host-plant quality

Cyclic population dynamics of forest insects with periods of more than two generations have been discussed in relation to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic forces. In the present study, we employed the selection pressure of density dependent competitive interactions according to Witting's equations (Witting, 2000) as driver for a discrete spatiotemporal model of the green oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana). The model was successfully parameterised to rebuild the cyclic population dynamics of an empirical data set of a 30-year leaf roller monitoring in Russia. Our analysis focussed on the role of herbivore mortality and host plant food quality, which have a significant effect on T. viridana population dynamics. An additional egg or larvae mortality lowers population density and can lead to selection pressures that favour individuals with higher growth rate. This increased population growth rate can not only compensate the additional mortality, but also can lead to higher average moth abundances in subsequent generations. Furthermore, we analysed the effect of inter- and intraspecific variation in host plant quality on herbivore population dynamics and the spatial distribution of abundance and defoliation patterns. We found significant effects of the qualitative composition of a trees neighbourhood on the herbivore population of the respective tree. Also, the patchy damage patterns observable in reality have been reproduced by the present model. The applicability of the model approach and the putative genetic processes underlying Witting's model are discussed.     

我国中亚热带人工林水热通量对干旱差异响应的模拟研究

季节性干旱现象在我国中亚热带地区时有发生,为了研究该区域大气-生态系统之间的相互作用关系及其碳水收支状况,2002年起在江西省千烟洲(26.7°N,115.1°E)人工林生态系统建立了通量观测塔。2003年7月该人工林生态系统遭遇了历史上少有的高温少雨天气,本研究应用基于生理生态学过程的EALCO(Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observation)模型及2003和2004年通量观测数据对该生态系统的水热通量进行了模拟,同时分析了干旱胁迫对它们产生的影响。结果显示,模型能够很好的模拟该生态系统的能量通量的日变化,净辐射、显热和潜热通量模拟值与实测值相关系数的平方(R2)及标准差分别为0.99和8.05 W.m-2;0.81和41.02 W.m-2;0.90和31.49 W.m-2,模型可以解释87%的日蒸散量的变化。从模拟结果看,2003年7月下旬(发生较严重干旱胁迫)较2004年同期(干旱程度轻)相比,冠层及土壤水势下降约2倍,植物蒸腾的日变化形式改变,根系吸水滞后冠层蒸腾的时间缩短约半小时,冠层导度下降40%～60%。模拟与观测结果均表明,200...     

络合硫酸铜除藻剂应急治理水华对水质及鱼类的影响

在水华爆发严重时期,投加络合硫酸铜除藻剂对富营养化池塘进行应急治理,考察了投药后水体的水质动态变化及非洲鲫鱼对铜的富集作用。结果表明,水华在投药后得到了有效控制,ρ(叶绿素a)从298.98降至40.71μg.L-1,浊度从14.45降至5.70 NTU,投药期间水体ρ(Cu2+)低于0.3 mg.L-1;停止投药后10 d藻类生物量开始上升,叶绿素a浓度从40.71上升至125.29μg.L-1,浊度从5.70上升至12.15 NTU,22 d后水体ρ(Cu2+)低于检出限。非洲鲫鱼各组织对铜的富集能力从大到小依次为肝脏(512.50 mg.kg-1)、鳃(17.00 mg.kg-1)、肌肉,鱼肉中未发现明显的铜富集,停止投药后鱼鳃中铜富集量明显降低。     

林丹短期暴露对斑马鱼生长发育和繁殖的影响

以斑马鱼为受试生物,研究在低浓度(0.005、0.05、0.5峭μg·L-1)林丹暴露条件下,林丹对斑马鱼体长、体质量、肝脏指数、性腺指数、产卵量和受精率的影响.结果显示,经14 d暴露后,处理组斑马鱼体长和体质量与空白对照组或溶剂对照组之间差异不显著;与空白对照组和溶剂对照组相比,0.5μg·L-1处理组雄性和雌性斑马鱼肝脏指数均显著增加(P＜0.05),雄性斑马鱼性腺指数显著降低(P＜0.05),其他处理组无明显变化;林丹对斑马鱼产卵量和受精率表现出明显的抑制作用,与空白对照组相比,0.05和0.5μg·L-1处理组斑马鱼平均产卵量和受精率均极显著降低(P＜0.01).该研究表明林丹具有环境内分泌干扰物特性,在低浓度暴露条件下可对斑马鱼的生长发育和繁殖产生一定抑制影响.     

不同施肥模式对芋艿产量及菜地土壤中氮素迁移累积的影响

以太湖流域的临安市太湖源镇具有代表性的大田蔬菜地为研究对象,通过9种不同施肥量模式的田间试验,探讨芋艿Colocasia esculenta L．Schoot季蔬菜地速效氮在土壤中的动态变化、剖面垂直分布及累积,了解施肥措施对蔬菜种植的生态及环境影响。各施肥处理均能提高芋艿产量,但增加幅度因施肥措施不同而不同,适量施肥已满足芋艿生长对养分的需求,继续增施对边际产量的增效不明显。在芋艿生长过程中,不同施肥模式下土壤中的铵态氮、硝态氮、速效氮质量分数动态变化的趋势不同;芋艿收获后,硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮在土壤剖面中质量分数的垂直分布因氮肥投入水平的不同而有所差异;土壤剖面中速效氮的累积量与氮肥投入密切相关;综合评价来看,低量控释肥＋低量化肥是各施肥模式中比较具经济效益、环境效益的合理施肥模式;因而,在实际蔬菜生产中,要适量施用氮肥,适当采用混合施肥模式如低量控释肥＋低量化肥,防止因过量施用氮肥而导致硝态氮的过量累积及其带来的水环境污染等环境问题。     

景观带尺度高寒区水文特征时空变化规律研究

目前高寒区景观带尺度水文规律的研究还非常薄弱.同位素技术被用来甄别高寒区不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等对径流的贡献组合及其时空变化规律,旨在揭示各景观带的水文规律.结果表明马粪沟流域雨季降雨量大,温度效应显著,易发生再次蒸发,致使各水体δ18O和δD较高.干季气温低,降水多为固态,蒸发弱,不易受到再次蒸发和周围水汽交换影响,致使各水体δ18O和δD相对偏负.降雨和各水体在雨季富集重D和18O,干季较贫重同位素,存在季节效应.降雨存在高程效应,δ18O=-0.005 2 H-8.951,R=-0.917 2;δD=-0.018 5 H-34.873,R=-0.876 3.流域各景观带各水体在雨季和干季均不存在高程效应,是因为出山径流均非以降雨直接补给为主,受冰川、积雪和冻土等冻融过程影响,降水、融水、地表水与地下水等相互转化,导致同位素特征发生变化,混合和蒸发效应是其同位素变化的主要控制因素.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地3种优势植物碳氮磷储量特征研究

潮滩植物在碳氮磷生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要的作用.为探明杭州湾潮滩湿地植物碳氮磷储量特征,对植物生物量、碳氮磷含量及储量的季节动态进行了分析.结果表明,3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)地上生物量呈典型的单峰值曲线.地上部有机碳含量全年变化幅度相对较小,氮磷含量随植物生长而明显下降.植物碳氮磷储量与植物生物量显著正相关.海三棱藨草碳氮磷储量显著低于芦苇和互花米草,芦苇地上部总氮储量显著高于互花米草,但总磷储量则相反,有机碳储量两种植物差异不显著.芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草年固碳能力分别是中国陆地植被平均固碳能力的380%、376%和55.5%,以及全球植被平均固碳能力的463%、458%和67.7%.从净化氮磷功能上考虑,7月可认为是本研究区域3种植物的最佳收割时间,且以收获互花米草对水体富营养化的限制性因子磷的去处效果最佳.因此,潮滩植物具有较好的储碳固碳能力和氮磷净化效应.     

养猪废水培养微生物絮凝剂产生菌群B-737及发酵特性

用养猪废水作为产絮菌群B-737的廉价替代培养基,研究了养猪废水COD浓度、外加草酸铵、磷酸盐的量对B-737菌群生长和产絮效果的影响,并在最优培养基下进行发酵动力学模型拟合.结果表明,该养猪废水本身具有较合适的碳氮比(COD约为3 000 mg.L-1,TN约为170 mg.L-1),无需外加碳、氮源,只添加1.6 g.L-1K2HPO4,0.8 g.L-1KH2PO4时,菌群B-737在其中发酵18～24 h便能达到1.5 g.L-1产絮量,同时对废水本身COD、TN削减率分别为61.9%和53.6%.不仅将微生物絮凝剂的培养基成本降低90%左右,也为养猪废水提供了一条新的资源化途径.用Logistic和Luedeking-Piert方程分别研究产絮菌群B-737分批发酵的生长和产絮动力学,获得了相应的动力学模式.