非均相高效催化剂在餐厨废油转化生物柴油中的应用

近年来,非均相催化剂在酯化和转酯化催化制备生物柴油中备受关注。综述了固体碱、固体酸、固定化酶等非均相高效催化剂在生物柴油制备中的研究进展,并展望了新型非均相催化剂在餐厨废油转化制备生物柴油的应用前景。     

Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using Jatropha biodiesel with alumina nanoparticles

Biodiesels have come up as a very strong alternative for diesel fuel. Biodiesels such as Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) are comparable in performance with that of the diesel engine. The thermal efficiency of engines fuelled with biodiesels was found lower than conventional diesel fuel but due to the bio-origin, the emission characteristics are much better. However, biodiesel increases the NOx emissions as these are rich in oxygen, hence nanoparticles are used in this experiment to curb the high temperatures and reduce the NOx formation. The experiment on naturally aspired diesel engine was conducted with four prepared test fuels other than neat diesel and neat biodiesel. The 50 and 150 of alumina nanoparticles were added separately to the pure diesel and pure Jatropha biodiesel to form the nano emulsions using ultrasonicator. The properties of nanoemulsion were evaluated using dynamic light scattering technique using zetasizer. The performance and emission characteristics of multi-cylinder diesel engine with these nanoemulsions were compared with that of neat fuels. The results showed that using nanoparticles with diesel and biodiesel can contribute in a more efficient, economical, and eco-friendly engine operation.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

十六烷值对甲醇/生物柴油排放污染物影响的试验研究

在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测定了柴油机燃用十六烷值分别为46、50、55的甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物及燃油消耗.考察了十六烷值对柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物、经济性的影响.结果表明:在标定工况时,当甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值为46、50、55时,NOx浓度分别为155×10-6、142×10-6、135×10-6;烟度分别为3.4、2.3、3.0;HC浓度分别为89×10-6、193×10-6、284×10-6;CO浓度分别为0.5%、0.8%、1.2%.随着甲醇/生物柴油十六烷值的增加,柴油机排放污染物中的NOx浓度和烟度降低,但HC和CO浓度增加.甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值不能过高,否则会使柴油机排放污染物急剧增加.     

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

生物柴油副产物甘油的去杂工艺条件研究

采用絮凝的方法,对桐油制备生物柴油副产物甘油的去杂工艺条件进行了研究。考察了不同絮凝剂及絮凝剂用量、pH值、搅拌时间、反应温度等条件对甘油絮凝去除杂质的效果和甘油回收率的影响。结果表明:采用硫酸铝絮凝剂,在絮凝剂用量为0.2%,pH值为6.0,搅拌时间为5 min,反应温度为20℃的条件下去杂效果最好,甘油回收率为80.45%。     

Removal of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by biodiesel

Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L^-1), pyrene (541.0 mg·L^-1), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L^-1). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg^-1, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established.     

EGR率对农用单缸柴油机燃用生物柴油的NOx与PM排放特性影响分析

单缸柴油机作为小型农用机械不可或缺的动力源,在使用过程中会产生大量污染物.其中氮氧化合物（NO_x）和颗粒（PM）是气溶胶的主要组成部分,对大气环境造成了严重污染.为有效改善农用单缸柴油机NO_x和PM排放,本研究通过添加生物柴油对柴油进行改质以及采用机内EGR净化技术两种方案,测量了柴油机分别燃用柴油B0,生物柴油调合燃料B20、B50在不同EGR率下的NO_x和PM排放.结果表明,采用EGR技术能够明显改善柴油机的NO_x排放,但同时会引起碳烟排放的增加.通过在柴油中添加生物柴油能够在一定程度上降低碳烟排放,其中高负荷、大EGR率条件下的改善最为明显.在2000 r·min^-1、75%负荷,EGR率为30%时,燃用B50的碳烟排放与燃用B0相比降低了47.3%.总体上柴油中添加生物柴油与EGR技术共同作用能够有效降低柴油机高负荷工况时的颗粒排放总数量.     

生物柴油吸收VOCs的特性及热力学

采用具有高沸点、低粘度特性的生物柴油作为非极性挥发性有机废气（VOCs）的吸收剂,以甲苯为典型VOCs代表,通过吸收实验考察了生物柴油的甲苯吸收特性.结果发现,在同一浓度下生物柴油吸收甲苯容量优于矿物油,且比水提高1个数量级,并且随着初始浓度升高,吸收容量等比例上升.温度是吸收敏感因素,温度上升会导致吸收容量大幅下降.采用UNIFAC模型计算溶解度数据与实验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差为3.37%,可有效预测生物柴油吸收VOCs特性.在此基础上论文也考察了生物柴油对四氯乙烯、苯乙烯、氯苯的吸收特性,并计算了4种VOCs在生物柴油中的无限稀释活度系数、亨利系数及吸收过程的ΔG、ΔH和ΔS.结果表明生物柴油对这4种VOCs的吸收性能排序为：苯乙烯>氯苯>四氯乙烯>甲苯,饱和吸收容量分别为55.17,27.75,20.46,11.93mg/g.     

中国生物质能政策变迁研究:2000—2019年

生物质柴油和生物质沼气是生物质能发展的两大着力点,两者在性质上存在较大差异,相应的政策设计和发展也各有不同。以政策网络理论、政策变迁相关理论为理论基础,通过搜集整理中央层面关于生物质柴油和生物质沼气的政策文本,采用政策计量和内容分析法,分析政策的发文时间、文本类型等文本外部属性特征,且根据政策文本内容划分了5类政策目标和13类政策工具,深入比较不同生物质能源在变迁中政策目标、政策工具和政策主体网络的差异。研究结果表明,中国生物质能的政策变迁,呈现多元化的演进动态:(1)生物质柴油与沼气政策的发文单位与发文类型在各时间段有所异同,整体来看,生物质柴油与沼气发文最多的单位为国务院和国家发展和改革委员会,不同的是生物质柴油发文数量位于第三位的是国家能源局,而生物质沼气是生态环境部和农业农村部。在发文类型方面,"通知与意见"类型构成了主要占比。(2)同一生物质的政策目标与工具在不同时期的政策变迁中,有延续性和差异性。例如,生物质柴油在各阶段始终以技术创新、能源供应连续性为主要政策目标来保证政策延续性,但在不同阶段也会关注环境可持续性、工业发展等;在政策工具上,生物质柴油即使在变迁中也都会使用财政支持,而各阶段配合使用的工具重心也不一致。(3)不同生物质能源使用的政策工具在同一时期也存在异同。如在第二阶段生物质柴油和生物质沼气所聚焦的政策目标和政策工具完全不同,在第一和第三阶段两者则存在小部分相似。(4)不同生物质能源的政策网络在各阶段表现存在异同。全国人民代表大会和国务院始终是政策网络中的重要主体,各个阶段不同生物质能发文主体的角色和协调互动情况随政策变迁而变化。最后,在研究结论的基础上提出政策目标与政策工具统筹运用、建立有效的政策网络主体协同治理机制的启示。