蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15的异养培养条件优化及污水养殖

为了提高微藻的生物量及油脂产量以降低微藻生物柴油的生产成本,采用光异养培养模式对蛋白核小球藻进行培养,确定其最适生长的碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为大豆蛋白胨.采用响应面设计的方法对蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15光异养培养过程中的最佳碳氮源浓度进行了优化,在葡萄糖含量为17.53 g.L-1,大豆蛋白胨含量为8.67 g.L-1时,生物量最大产量为0.63 g.(L.d)-1,与模型预测结果[0.62 g.(L.d)-1]基本吻合,此时其油脂含量为19.25%,油脂产量达到121.3mg.(L.d)-1.污水养殖结果显示,在以北京市城市生活污水为培养基的情况下,微藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa-15对污水具有良好的净化能力,COD的去除率达到80.9%,总氮的去除率达到69%,同时其也具有较好的产油效率,生物量和油脂含量分别可达到1.00 g.L-1和24.12%,具有进一步研究的理论及应用价值.     

基于DOC+CDPF技术的公交车燃用生物柴油气态物道路排放特性

基于OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,试验研究并分析了催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)及生物柴油混合燃料B20(生物柴油体积占比20%)对国Ⅲ柴油公交车瞬态工况和稳态工况下气态物道路排放特性的影响.结果表明相较于B0(纯柴油),B20的一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(THC)平均排放率偏低,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别为26.43%、10.44%,瞬态工况下降幅分别为22.78%、4.95%;二氧化碳(CO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)平均排放率偏高,其中,稳态工况下分别上升8.41%和8.26%,瞬态工况下分别上升7.15%、9.13%.相较于B0,DOC+CDPF对B20的CO和THC净化效果更为显著,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别达60.58%和79.92%,瞬态工况下,降幅分别达63.67%和82.57%.DOC+CDPF使用后,CO_2和NO_x的排放率略微下降.     

一株利用生物柴油废水产氢的光合菌的筛选、鉴定

从37株光合细菌中筛选出1株能够利用甘油做碳源进行有效产氢的菌株(DB803).根据该菌株的形态、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列和ERIC-PCR结果分析,初步鉴定该菌株为类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides).研究了该菌株在30℃, 4000lx光照厌氧条件下利用不同浓度的生物柴油废水产氢的能力,当培养基起始COD浓度为11.5g/L时,其在对数生长期平均产氢速度为38mL/(L·h),同时,废水COD去除率达91.2%.     

Synthesis of biodiesel from chicken’s skin waste by homogeneous transesterification

ABSTRACT

Poultry skin waste is considered to be a promising source of biodiesel. However, this source presents an environmental threat as it is being discharged into landfills without any treatment. We studied the feasibility of biodiesel production from poultry skin waste. Two-step extraction of lipids from chicken’s skin was developed and gave 97.5% yield using the optimum time and temperature. Esterification was then optimised to remove free fatty acids (FFA) where the ideal parameters were 65 °C during 30min with a molar ratio of methanol to oil of (1:3) and 1% of H₂SO₄. The third step was the transesterification which was performed using 60 °C and 300–600 rpm agitation for 1 h, with 1% basic catalyst and 1:3 (molar ratio) of methanol to oil. The biodiesel (FAME), was characterised using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by chemical and physical analyses such as iodine number, acid number, flash point and cetane number. The total conversion was obtained using above conditions and most of the studied proprieties of produced biodiesel meet the EN14214 standard. This is an extremely encouraging result, offering a good source of biodiesel by valuing poultry skin waste.     

公交车使用废食用油制生物柴油的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱

以国三、国五柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,分析了国三、国五柴油公交车使用柴油、废食用油制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料(B10)的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱.结果表明:国五公交车的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放比国三公交车分别降低39.3%、19.9%、77.4%和28.4%,NO_x升高31.7%;国三、国五公交车排放的VOCs主要为烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物,国五公交车的烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧化合物等VOCs排放较低,其VOCs大气反应活性降低,二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势较弱.与使用柴油比较,国三(国五)公交车使用B10的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放降低;国三公交车的NO_x排放增加,国五公交车的NOx排放降低;国三(国五)公交车使用B10的VOCs成分谱中含氧化合物降低,烯烃增加,VOCs大气反应活性增强.     

餐厨垃圾制备生物柴油工艺研究

分析利用餐厨垃圾生产生物柴油的现状及发展趋势,对餐厨垃圾生产生物柴油存在问题及对策进行探讨。     

Renewable biofuel production from hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel with a commercial petroleum Ni-W catalyst

As a potential hydrocarbon production method, the hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel, using a commercial petroleum hydrocracking catalyst, was studied. Experiments were carried out in a 1,000 mL, high-pressure autoclave for 2–4 hr over the temperature range of 200–280°C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa. Hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel produced n-paraffins in the C₈–C₁₇ boiling range, which includes both green gasoline and diesel. Both pressure and temperature play important roles in the transformation of soybean biodiesel. Hydrocarbons can be formed above 220°C with a liquid yield of 81.76%. The n-alkanes content of the liquid product reached 32.29% at 280°C, with 88.32% C₁₁–C₁₄ selectivity. In addition, hydrocracking results in many changes of catalyst such as physical properties, morphology, etc. For the used catalyst, the concentrations of Ni and C increased, and the pore channels were significantly reduced.     

Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying cottonseed oil and ultra-low sulfur diesel

In this study, the top surfaces of piston and valves of a four-strokes and direct-injection diesel engine have been coated—with no change in the compression ratio—with a 100 μm of NiCrAl lining layer via plasma spray method and this layer has later been coated with main coating material with a mixture of 88% of ZrO₂, 4% of MgO and 8% of Al₂O₃ (400 μm). Then, after the engine-coating process, ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) as base fuels and its blend with used frying cottonseed oil derived biodiesel in proportion of 20%, volumetrically, have been tested in the coated engine and data of combustion and performance characteristics on full load and at different speeds have been noted. The results, which were compared with those obtained by uncoated-engine operation, showed that thermal efficiency increased, and engine noise reduced. Cylinder gas pressure values obtained from the diesel engine which has been coated with thermal barriers have been found to be somewhat higher than those of the uncoated-engine. Also, maximum pressure values measured in both engines and under the same experimental conditions through the use of test fuel have been obtained after TDC. Moreover, heat release rate and heat release have occurred earlier in the coated-engine. NOx emissions were increased while CO and HC emissions were remained almost the same with a little bit decrease.     

废食用油脂作生物柴油原料的可行性分析

分析了各国废食用油脂的产生、回收和法规管理现状.重点通过分析废食用油脂物化性质,评价利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的工艺特征和技术可行性.探讨了利用废食用油脂制造的生物柴油产品的品质和环境效益以及使用要求.同时分析了利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的经济成本和存在的问题.     

废食用油脂作生物柴油原料的可行性分析

分析了各国废食用油脂的产生、回收和法规管理现状。重点通过分析废食用油脂物化性质，评价利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的工艺特征和技术可行性。探讨了利用废食用油脂制造的生物柴油产品的品质和环境效益以及使用要求。同时分析了利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的经济成本和存在的问题。