公交车基于不同燃油的实际道路排放性与燃油经济性

使用便携式车载排放测试系统测试了2辆国VI公交车和2辆国III公交车燃用不同燃料的实际道路排放特性和经济性.结果表明,相比于燃用京VI车用柴油,国VI公交车燃用B5生物柴油(柴油中掺混5%生物柴油)的CO比排放降低了33.1%,NO_x比排放增加了15.6%,颗粒物数量(PN)比排放降低了13.1%.4辆公交车燃用B5生物柴油的CO排放因子较京VI车用柴油平均降低了29.5%,NO_x排放因子增加了12.7%,PN排放因子降低了9.1%.通过对CO_2的分析发现,燃用B5生物柴油的排放因子较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.3%,运用碳平衡计算方法计算油耗,并考虑燃油密度的影响,结果发现,燃用B5生物柴油的百公里油耗较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.51%,相差较大,后续需深入研究油品热值等其他理化指标对燃油经济性的影响.     

Role of nano-additive blended biodiesel on emission characteristics of the research diesel engine

The current experimental study is aimed to analyze the influence of single-walled Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) on the emission characteristics of neem biodiesel-fueled (NBD-fueled) diesel engine and the results compared with conventional diesel. Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke, diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Two samples of CNT are characterized and dispersed into 100% of the NBD in a mass fraction of 50 and 100 ppm using ultrasonicator, and the physicochemical properties were measured. Experimental results indicated that by adding CNT nanoparticles in NBD reduces its NO_x, HC, CO, and smoke emission by 9.2%, 6.7%, 5.9%, and 7.8%, respectively, at all load conditions.     

Emission study of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohol-biodiesel blended fuels

This work examines the effect of butanol (higher alcohol) on the emission pattern of neat neem oil biodiesel (NBD100) fueled diesel engine. Single-cylinder, 4-stroke, research diesel engine was employed to conduct the trial. Blends comprising the mixture of biodiesel and higher alcohol were prepared by employing an ultrasonic agitator. Four test fuels such as neat neem oil biodiesel, diesel, and two blends of higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel: 10% and 20% (by volume). Experimental result showed that increasing alcohol content to biodiesel brought down the various emissions such as Smoke, NO_x, HC, and CO by 6.8%, 10.4%, 8.6%, and 5.9%, respectively, at all loads. It was also concluded from the trail that a 20% higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel blends show the promising signs in reducing all the emissions associated with biodiesel fuelled diesel engine.     

Experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine by varying the injection pressure and injection timing using mixed biodiesel

Biodiesel is a promising fuel for compression ignition engines instead of diesel fuel. Due to the depletion of diesel fuel, an alternative fuel can be used in an engine. The experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single cylinder CI engine. In this present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines by using mixed biodiesel (Thevetia peruviana, Jatropha, Pongamia, and Azadirachta indica). The injection pressure is varied from 200 to 230 bar and the injection timing is varied from 23 to 29° bTDC at an increment of 10 bar and 2° bTDC, respectively, and the results were compared with diesel. From this study, the results showed that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 2.4% with an increase in injection pressure and 1.5% with an increase in the injection timing for the maximum load, but lesser than diesel. Furthermore, a reduction of 5.08% of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) has been noticed for the rise in IP and IT with loads but higher than diesel. The reduction was 34.17%, 53.85%, and 29.7% and 29.17%, 53.85%, and 21.95% of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions, respectively, at 230 bar injection pressure and at 27° bTDC injection timing. Also, a significant increase in nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at the maximum load was observed by increasing the injection pressure and injection timing.     

Assessment of biomass and lipid productivity and biodiesel quality of an indigenous microalga Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5

Generation of biodiesel from microalgae has been extensively investigated; however, its quality is often not suitable for use as fuel. Our investigation involved the evaluation of biodiesel quality using a native isolate Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5, as specified by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), after transesterification of lipids with methanol, in the presence of sodium methoxide. Total quantity of lipids extracted from dry biomass, of approximately 410–450 mg g^?1 was characterized using FTIR and ¹H NMR. After transesterification, the total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were 43% and 57%, respectively. The major FAMEs present in the biodiesel were methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), and methyl linoleate (C18:2), and the ¹H NMR spectra matched with criteria prescribed for high-quality biodiesel. The biodiesel exhibited a density of 0.873 g cm^–3, viscosity of 3.418 mm² s^?1, cetane number (CN) of 57.85, high heating value (HHV) of 40.25, iodine value of 71.823 g I₂ 100 g^?1, degree of unsaturation (DU) of 58%, and a cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of –5.22°C. Critical fuel parameters, including oxidation stability, CN, HHV, iodine value, flash point, cloud point, pour point, density, and viscosity were in accordance with the methyl ester composition and structural configuration. Hence, C. sorokiniana can be a promising feedstock for biodiesel generation.     

Blends of karanja and jatropha biodiesels for diesel engine applications

Over a number of years, the work of exploring different biodiesels as an alternative to diesel fuel has been carried out worldwide. Not much focus on the use of combination of different biodiesels and their behaviour in diesel engines has been reported. This work is an attempt in this direction, which reports on the use of combination of biodiesels derived from jatropha and karanja oils. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) represent the respective biodiesels derived from these non-edible oils. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using these biodiesel combinations in order to check their feasibility as alternative fuels to diesel. Initially, experiments were conducted on each biodiesel and their blends with diesel and engine parameters were optimised in terms of injection pressure and injection timing. Advancing the injection timing improved the overall performance of the engine fuelled with JOME while retarding the injection timing favoured the HOME. Both biodiesels performed better with an injector opening pressure of 230 bar. Finally, experiments were conducted with the combination of both biodiesels with different blend ratios. It was observed that increasing the JOME content in the biodiesels blend improved the performance with reduced emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However NO _x emission increased.     

Effect of hydrogen addition to CNG in a biodiesel-operated dual-fuel engine

Alternative fuels for diesel engine applications are gaining more prominence as they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable; provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings. They address environmental concerns and socio-economic issues as well. Gaseous fuels such as compressed natural gas and hydrogenated compressed natural gas (HCNG) appear more attractive fuels for diesel engine applications operated in dual-fuel mode. Such dual fuel engines can replace considerable amount of liquid-injected pilot fuels by gaseous fuels besides being friendly to the environment. A small quantity of liquid fuel injected towards the end of the compression stroke initiates combustion of the inducted gas in the dual-fuel engines. The main advantage of dual-fuel engines is their lower nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate emissions. Hence renewable fuels such as biodiesels and gaseous fuels can be used predominantly for transportation and power generation applications. Gaseous fuels are clean burning and are more economical as well. A suitable carburettor was designed to supply a stoichiometric mixture of air and HCNG to the modified diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode. The biodiesel used in this study is derived from Honge oil called the Honge oil methyl ester (HOME). This paper presents the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, stationary diesel engine operated on HOME and HCNG in dual-fuel mode. From the results it is observed that HOME–HCNG combination gave lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and improved emission levels when compared with diesel/HOME in single fuel operation. Lower smoke and particulate matter were obtained with dual-fuel operation. Comparative measures of BTE, peak pressure, pressure–crank angle variation, smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and NO_x emissions have been made and analysed.     

利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.     

公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物水溶性离子排放

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,试验研究了柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%（B5）、10%（B10）和20%（B20）的废食用油制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的尾气颗粒物水溶性离子（Water soluble ions,WSI）排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物呈弱酸性;WSI约占颗粒物质量的3%,主要集中在PM_0.5~2.5和PM_2.5~18粒径段,阴离子占WSI总量的72%~79%;废食用油制生物柴油对公交车尾气颗粒WSI种类没有影响;随着废食用油制生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物WSI阴、阳离子浓度、颗粒物酸性整体增大,WSI浓度峰值向小粒径段移动;CaCl₂和NaCl可能是柴油公交车尾气颗粒物Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Na⁺的主要存在形式;控制废食用油制生物柴油硫、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl^-含量,优化缸内燃烧减少NO_x排放,对降低柴油公交车尾气颗粒物WSI排放具有重要意义.     

金属盐(SO42-/Cl-)固体酸催化剂在污泥制生物柴油中的应用

研究NaHSO₄·H₂O（布朗斯特酸位为主）和AlCl₃·6H₂O（路易斯酸位为主）两类金属盐固体酸催化剂在污泥制取生物柴油过程中的催化性能.结果表明,经过130℃脱水的NaHSO₄·H₂O较AlCl₃·6H₂O表现更为优异,两种催化剂的最优催化条件为催化剂投加量1.2g/10g冷冻干燥污泥、反应温度130℃、反应时间4h.虽然对粗脂肪的酯化率NaHSO₄·H₂O低于AlCl₃·6H₂O,分别为（63.4±2.6）％和（68.9±1.4）％（对应的生物柴油产率分别为9.73%~10.69％和10.80%~11.39％（污泥干基））,但经过GC-MS分析发现NaHSO₄·H₂O催化的生物柴油纯度更高,品质更好;两种催化剂的重复使用性<3~5次.两种催化剂均可实现低成本、高性能且环境友好的催化污泥制备生物柴油.