车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

Sulfonated tea waste: A low-cost adsorbent for purification of biodiesel

In the present work, the crude biodiesel produced from spent fish frying oil through alkaline catalyzed transesterification was purified using a low-cost adsorbent viz. sulfonated tea waste. After separating the glycerol, the crude biodiesel was purified using the suggested adsorbent. Various methods of purification using the said adsorbent were applied such as purification using adsorption column chromatography and shaking methods. The results showed that purification using adsorption column chromatography exhibited the bst result. Properties of the purified fuels were determined and found conformed to those specified by the ASTM standards. For the sake of comparison, purification using zeolite and water washing method was also investigated. The result indicated that the suggested adsorbent was more successful on purification of the crude biodiesel compared to other methods.     

Studies on the use of low-volatile non-edible oils in a thermal barrier-coated diesel engine

Owing to the ever-increasing vehicle population, the consumption of diesel fuel in the transportation, agricultural and industrial sectors has increased at an alarming rate. This has led to rapid fossil fuel depletion, ozone depletion and environmental degradation, which have become a serious concern. Search for alternative renewable and clean energy fuel sources to mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases is continuing, and attempts to find different techniques for efficient utilization of these fuels are also undertaken. Biodiesel being an oxygenated fuel obtained from vegetable oils has received greater attention over the years as a promising alternative to diesel fuel. However, vegetable oils exhibit high viscosity, poor volatility and poor cold-flow characteristics. These characteristics can cause the following problems in the engine when run for a longer duration: injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming, piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication. These problems can be eliminated or minimized by adopting suitable fuel processing techniques to obtain biodiesels from vegetable oils. The fuel processing techniques vary widely, which include transesterification, supercritical methanolysis, ultrasonic and continuous microwave-assisted transesterification methods. In the present study, the transesterification method is effectively used to obtain biodiesels from non-edible oils of honne and cotton seed. The biodiesels obtained from these oils were used in the unmodified diesel engine to check their feasibility as diesel engine alternatives. Different thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were applied on the piston, cylinder head, and inlet and exhaust valve surfaces of the diesel engine in order to make it a fully adiabatic engine. The engine with such TBCs is called a low heat rejection engine. For the present study, the TBC of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) were selected. Finally, the performance of the diesel engine fuelled with different biodiesels in both conventional and thermal barrier-coated modes was compared. The thermal barrier-coated engine with the PSZ version showed better performance with increased nitric oxide emissions when compared with the Al₂O₃ coating.     

Production of renewable and sustainable fuel from Calliandra calothyrsus and its utilisation in compression ignition engines

Alternative fuels have several advantages compared to fossil fuels as they are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security, foreign exchange saving as well as help in addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues. Therefore, renewable fuels can be used predominantly as a fuel for transportation and for applications in power generation. Shaft power application is a key factor for economic growth and prosperity and depends crucially on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to implement the production of bioethanol from Calliandra calothyrsus, a potential lignocellulosic raw material for the cellulose-to-bioethanol conversion process that can be used as an alternative resource to starch- or sugar-containing feedstock. This study addresses a new pretreatment method known as hydrothermal explosion using C. calothyrsus for ethanol production. The present study also involves experimental investigations on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine operated with Honge oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and ethanol and its comparison with a neat diesel fuel mode of operation. The results revealed that optimal parameters for bioethanol production from C. calothyrsus were 2% acid concentration (HCl), 100°C temperature and 80 min retention time. For a diesel engine operated with a HOME–bioethanol blend, the experimental results showed a 3–4% decrease in brake thermal efficiency with a 8–10% increase in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission levels and a 15–18% decrease in nitric oxide emission levels when compared with a neat diesel fuel mode of operation.     

固体碱催化剂制备生物柴油的研究

以CH3COONa为活性组分,Al2O3载体,采用浸渍法制备Na2O/Al2O3负载型固体碱催化剂.用扫面电镜,表面积与孔径分析,红外三种表征方法对此催化剂表面结构及性能进行了分析,结果显示催化剂表面结构和性能良好;用Na2O/Al2O3作为催化剂进行生物柴油合成实验,催化剂表现出很好的催化活性.通过正交试验考察了醇油...     

柴油轿车颗粒多环芳烃的排放特性

以一辆柴油轿车为研究样车,分别使用纯柴油、生物柴油掺混比例为10%的B10燃油,进行了NEDC整车循环工况试验,测取了该车HC、CO、NOx、颗粒等法规限制的排放,利用气相色谱-质谱法对采集的排气颗粒样品进行了分析,重点研究了颗粒中多环芳烃的排放特性.结果表明,与柴油相比,燃用B10燃油的HC、CO、NOx和颗粒等常规排放均有所降低;两种燃料产生的颗粒多环芳烃排放中均以荧蒽和芘最多,与纯柴油相比,燃用B10燃油产生的低环数PAHs排放略有增加,中高环数的PAHs排放降幅明显.苯并[a]芘等效毒性分析结果显示燃用B10燃油的BEQs值比纯柴油降低了21.6%,表明柴油轿车燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的多环芳烃毒性有所下降.     

国Ⅴ公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物碳质组分排放特性

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,研究了纯柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%,10%和20%餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料（即B5,B10,B20）的颗粒物（PM）碳质组分排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物碳质组分包括有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,OC占73%~82%,OC的主要组分是OC2和OC3,生物柴油对车辆尾气颗粒物OC组成比例没有影响;随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物OC和OC+EC排放呈降低的趋势,EC排放增加,且B10的OC排放较高;PM_0.05~0.1,PM_0.1~0.5,PM_0.5~2.5,PM_2.5~18 4个粒径段颗粒物中,PM_0.1~0.5的OC和EC排放最高,PM_2.5~18的EC排放几乎为零,生物柴油可改善公交车尾气超细颗粒（PM_0.05~0.1）的OC排放,对公交尾气颗粒物EC排放基本没有影响;公交使用生物柴油混合燃料尾气颗粒物OC/EC减小,且PM_0.05~0.1和PM_0.5~2.5OC/EC降低幅度明显,对大气二次气溶胶的影响减弱.     

生命周期视角下废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益分析

废弃餐饮油脂的资源化利用是关乎公众健康和环境保护的重要举措.目前我国废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益尚不明晰、国家政策模糊,相关产业发展滞缓.本研究以国内废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的典型企业为例,利用GaBi软件对废弃餐饮油脂的收集、预处理、酯化和运输等过程全生命周期阶段的资源环境影响进行系统核算,评估其环境效益,以期为国家生物柴油行业发展和相关政策制定提供科学依据.研究结果表明:①整个生命周期过程中,酯化阶段的环境影响最大,各指标占比为52.91%～96.05%,其环境影响主要是由燃煤、用电和甲醇消耗引起;②敏感性分析结果显示,燃煤、用电、甲醇消耗和收集距离的变化对整个生命周期环境影响结果有着较大影响;③废弃餐饮油脂炼制的生物柴油生命周期化石能源消耗16406 MJ·t~(-1)、温室气体排放815 kg CO_2 eq·t~(-1),与石化柴油相比,具有较好的节能和温室气体减排效益.     

Comparative corrosion characteristics of automotive materials in Jatropha biodiesel

This study investigated the corrosion characteristics of widely used automotive materials: copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) in Jatropha biodiesel. The corrosion rate of the materials was measured by the weight loss and changes in the surface morphology using immersion test in biodiesel. Before and after the immersion test, fuel samples were characterized by the change in chemical composition, viscosity, density, and water content. Experimental results revealed that Cu had the highest corrosion rate, while SS had the lowest. The main fatty acids observed in the tested biodiesel were oleic (44.6 wt %), linoelic (31.9 wt %), Palmitic (14.6 wt %), and Stearic (7.6 wt %). Apart from linoelic acid, the compositions of all other acids were increased after the immersion test of 1600 h. Also, the viscosity, density, and water content of the fuel samples were increased after the immersion test. However, these properties were within the maximum standard limit except water content.