温榆河昌平段沉积物重金属影响因素分析及污染评价

温榆河是北京市重要的防洪排涝、拦污河道,每年接纳大量污水,面临严重的水环境问题. 为了解温榆河昌平段表层沉积物重金属含量、影响因素及污染状况,在温榆河昌平段采集沉积物样品28个,测定pH、w(OM)(OM有机质)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)等沉积物理化性状及w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr). 通过相关性分析和因子分析,研究沉积物中pH、w(OM)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)与4种重金属质量分数的相关关系,并运用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染状况进行评价. 结果表明:沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr)平均值分别为19.35、89.90、25.80、53.74mg/kg,变异系数分别为29.76%、43.39%、37.54%、20.90%,其中w(Zn)的空间变异程度最大. 沉积物中w(OM)与w(Cu)和w(Zn)的R(相关系数)分别为0.515(P<0.01)、0.599(P<0.01),w(TN)与w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)的R分别为0.463(P<0.05)、0.713(P<0.01)和0.654(P<0.01).因子分析也显示,w(OM)、w(TN)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Pb)在第1因子上具有较高的载荷系数. 地累积指数评价结果表明,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu,Cr为轻度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu未达到污染. 潜在生态风险程度分析表明,各重金属潜在生态风险程度及综合生态风险程度均为轻微.      

城市排水系统沉积物特性研究

重点阐述了沉积物的来源和组成,沉积物的颗粒粒径、有机物含量(VSS/SS)、颗粒粘性和颗粒密度等物化性质,以及附着于沉积物上的金属污染物的相关特征。其粒度分布范围是D10为1.89～223.21μm,D50为12.38～437.30μm,D90为39.06～1 572.52μm;VSS/SS的范围是1%～38%;密度范围是1.80～2.47 g/cm3。金属污染物主要的附着对象是沉积物中的细小颗粒如生物膜上。以上沉积物性质对于解决排水系统的泥沙淤积问题以及水体污染的控制都具有重要意义。     

沉积物中六氯苯对颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对淡水单孔蚓14 d和28 d的毒性效应.结果表明,沉积物中HCB对颤蚓致死效应较低,当HCB浓度为190 mg· kg-,连续暴露28 d时,致死率低于8％.但HCB对颤蚓具有较强的慢性毒性效应,当HCB浓度为190 mg·kg-1,连续暴露28 d时,身体自断率高达90％,并且随着浓度升高和暴露时间延长,颤蚓自断率明显增高.HCB对颤蚓自断14 d和28 d的EC50分别为＞190 mg·kg-1和97.1 mg· kg-1.HCB对颤蚓行为(运动和挖掘)产生明显抑制作用.随着HCB浓度增加和暴露时间延长,颤蚓运动强度减弱,并伴随摄食量减少与体重减轻现象.     

合肥市十八联圩湿地表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

十八联圩是南淝河入巢湖湖口区一处由"退耕还湿"形成的大型人工湿地.为了解其表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布和污染特征,于2018年7月采集湿地内部和外部毗邻水体共72个位点的沉积物样品进行调查,并对污染来源进行了分析.结果表明,在十八联圩湿地内部水体中,表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)平均含量分别为2 108. 87mg·kg~(-1)、1 448. 82 mg·kg~(-1)和86. 2 g·kg~(-1),而在外部水体中,分别为2 305. 81 mg·kg~(-1)、1 268. 46 mg·kg~(-1)和59. 9 g·kg~(-1).重金属Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg在湿地内、外部水体中的平均含量分别为462. 58、42. 12、21. 69、18. 05、0. 63、5. 67和0. 059 mg·kg~(-1); 381. 61、36. 85、24. 74、30. 70、2. 49、6. 47和0. 035 mg·kg~(-1).湿地内水体表层沉积物,在营养盐污染评价中,TN整体处于轻度至中度污染水平,TP整体处于重度污染水平,营养盐整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在有机污染指数评价中,OM整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在重金属潜在生态风险评价中,潜在生态风险指数(RI)和潜在生态风险系数(Eir)表明,部分区域的Cd与Hg具有一定的生态风险.而湿地外毗邻水体表层沉积物的营养盐水平同样较高,且重金属污染严重,所有位点均达到强生态风险以上.     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

特大城市河流表层沉积物磷形态分布及有效性:以成都市为例

为研究河流沉积物内源污染与人类活动的响应关系,采集成都市内33个点位的河流表层沉积物,采用SMT和DGT方法监测沉积物中各形态磷及生物有效性磷含量,结合多元统计方法分析其空间分布特征,计算沉积物及其孔隙水中有效态磷的释放通量.结果表明,成都市河流表层沉积物各形态磷存在空间差异性;成都市河流表层沉积物TP的平均含量为1 132.41 mg·kg~(-1),高于成都市土壤背景值365.00 mg·kg~(-1),Ca-P为最主要磷形态,平均占TP的70.58%;研究区域可划分为3类,第1、3类的磷形态结构差异大,而第2类小,且第1、3类各形态磷含量普遍高于第2类;ω(DGT-P)分别与水体ω(DTP)、具有生物有效性的ω(Fe/Al-P)和ω(OP)均有良好的相关性,DGT技术可作为快速原位检测沉积物生物有效磷含量的可靠方法;有效态磷释放量较高的为N8 W11 N2,分别为20.05、17.13、14.79 mg·(m2·d)-1,其释放能力与人类活动密切相关.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物钒空间分布特征和生态风险

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定剑湖表层及柱状沉积物钒（V）含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取V各形态,并对V空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析,揭示了粒度对剑湖沉积物V及形态含量的影响.结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物和柱状沉积物颗粒均以粉砂粒和细砂为主,细颗粒V含量更高.表层沉积物V含量为（117.82±63.31）mg/kg,其水平空间分布差异较大.V可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态含量分别为（8.91±8.91）,（18.36±10.53）,（7.67±7.67）,（80.22±58.71）mg/kg,主要以残渣态形式存在,且黏粒和粉砂粒对V可还原态和残渣态影响较大.V垂直分布差异大,底层V含量高于表层,少部分区域受黏粒和粉砂粒影响.剑湖沉积物V污染程度小,大部分地区潜在生态风险较低,底层沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险都高于表层.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

洱海表层沉积物中总氮含量及氨氮的释放特征

通过现场调查和室内模拟试验,对洱海具有代表性的9个表层沉积物样品中w(TN)的分布特征以及沉积物中NH₄+-N释放动力学特征进行了研究. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2.0844～6.5153g/kg之间,平均值为3.5378g/kg,北部西岸为高值区,南部(靠近大理市)为次高值区. 一级动力学模型可很好地拟合洱海表层沉积物NH₄+-N释放动力学特征,NH₄+-N最大释放量在0.1209～0.2810g/kg之间;释放主要集中在0~5min内,约占最大释放量的68%~83%;随后释放速率逐渐放缓,到120min后基本达到释放平衡.运用无限稀释法对沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能进行测定表明,洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能在1.7001~3.5879 g/kg之间,在水土质量比约为2500时,NH₄+-N释放量达到最大,随后释放逐渐趋于平衡. 洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能及最大释放量均与其w(TN)呈显著正相关. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)与NH₄+-N释放潜能和最大释放量均高于长江中下游湖泊,具有较大的氮释放风险.      

基于液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术的巢湖沉积物中有机磷形态研究

利用改进的沉积物有机磷提取方法和液相31P核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了巢湖表层沉积物有机磷形态.结果表明:西部湖区表层沉积物总磷含量高于东部湖区,其平均含量分别为(1089.82±108.14) mg·kg-1和(497.80±51.59) mg·kg-1;东部湖区沉积物中有机磷百分含量(31.88％±2.41％)高于西部湖区(20.86％±1.65％);表层沉积物主要磷份组成包括膦酸盐(Phon-P)、正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P);磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,平均含量占总磷的22.12％±5.32％;磷酸单酯和DNA百分含量东部湖区大于西部湖区,磷酸单酯百分含量分别为25.99％±2.29％和16.30％±1.06％,DNA百分含量分别为5.61％±0.24％和3.85％±1.01％.31P核磁共振技术可以有效的应用于巢湖等富营养化湖泊沉积物磷形态分析;巢湖表层沉积物以无机磷为主,有机磷种类丰富,以磷酸单酯为主.