南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究

湖泊河口区与湖心区沉积条件不同,沉积物重金属等内源污染物的分布亦可能存在较大区别.为比较河口区与湖心区沉积物重金属赋存形态的空间差异,利用柱状沉积物采样器在南四湖南阳湖区湖心和河口分别获取原位柱状沉积物,在比较分析沉积物孔隙度、有机质、粒度及典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg)各形态垂向分布特征的基础上,对其相关性进行分析,并对表层(0~4 cm)沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,除Cd外,河口区沉积物Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg含量较湖心区高,泗河为南阳湖区重金属污染物的来源之一,沉积物重金属各形态含量在垂向分布上规律性不明显,且均主要以残渣晶格结合态存在,5种重金属元素中,Hg残渣晶格结合态所占比重最小(约30%),具有较高的迁移性,存在相对较大的生态风险.地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法研究结果表明,河口区与湖心区表层沉积物均受Hg及Cd的污染较重,Pb、Cu、Cr污染较轻,潜在生态危害指数法所得污染级别较地积累指数法高.相关性分析表明,沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg总量、可交换态、有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣晶格结合态含量与沉积物孔隙度、有机质相关系数多为正值,同粒度相关系数多为负值,同碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的相关系数各异,无明显规律.     

浑河-大辽河水系水体与沉积物中典型全氟化合物的污染水平及生态风险评价

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)分析了水体和沉积物中全氟化合物(PFCs)浓度水平,结果表明,浑河-大辽河的干流水中,PFCs总浓度范围为1.80~13.0 ng·L-1,其中,PFHx A、PFHp A、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA是主要污染物;沈阳细河中PFCs的总浓度为27.0~50.0 ng·L-1,其主要污染物为PFPA、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA.在浑河-大辽河沉积物中,PFHx A是唯一的检出物,其含量为0.130~0.490 ng·g-1干重;除了PFHx A,PFOS也是细河中的主要污染物,其浓度水平分别为0.070~0.220 ng·g-1和0.180~0.830 ng·g-1干重.采用实测的水和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的暴露浓度以及预测的无效应浓度(PNEC),运用商值法对浑河-大辽河干流及沈阳细河水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的生态风险进行评价.结果表明水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平.     

Development of Sediment and Nutrient Export Coefficients for U.S. Ecoregions

Water quality impairment due to excessive nutrients and sediment is a major problem in the United States (U.S.). An important step in the mitigation of impairment in any given water body is determination of pollutant sources and amount. The sheer number of impaired waters and limited resources makes simplistic load estimation methods such as export coefficient (EC) methods attractive. Unfortunately ECs are typically based on small watershed monitoring data, which are very limited and/or often based on data collected from distant watersheds with drastically different conditions. In this research, we seek to improve the accuracy of these nutrient export estimation methods by developing a national database of localized EC for each ecoregion in the U.S. A stochastic sampling methodology loosely based on the Monte‐Carlo technique was used to construct a database of 45 million Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulations. These simulations consider a variety of climate, topography, soils, weather, land use, management, and conservation implementation conditions. SWAT model simulations were successfully validated with edge‐of‐field monitoring data. Simulated nutrient ECs compared favorably with previously published studies. These ECs may be used to rapidly estimate nutrient loading for any small catchment in the U.S. provided the location, area, and land‐use distribution are known.     

Can Rapid Assessment Protocols Be Used to Judge Sediment Impairment in Gravel‐Bed Streams? A Commentary

Land management agencies commonly use rapid assessments to evaluate the impairment of gravel‐bed streams by sediment inputs from anthropogenic sources. We question whether rapid assessment can be used to reliably judge sediment impairment at a site or in a region. Beyond the challenges of repeatable and accurate sampling, we argue that a single metric or protocol is unlikely to reveal causative relations because channel condition can result from multiple pathways, processes, and background controls. To address these concerns, a contextual analysis is needed to link affected resources, causal factors, and site history to reliably identify human influences. Contextual analysis is equivalent in principle to cumulative effects and watershed analyses and has a rich history, but has gradually been replaced by rapid assessment methods. Although the approaches differ, rapid assessment and contextual analysis are complementary and can be implemented in a two‐tiered approach in which rapid assessment provides a coarse (first‐tier) analysis to identify sites that deserve deeper contextual assessment (second‐tier). Contextual analysis is particularly appropriate for site‐specific studies that should be tailored to local conditions. A balance between rapid assessment and contextual analysis is needed to provide the most effective information for management decisions.     

Geomorphic and Ecological Consequences of Riprap Placement in River Systems

Riprap, consisting of large boulders or concrete blocks, is extensively used to stabilize streambanks and to inhibit lateral erosion of rivers, yet its effect on river morphology and its ecological consequences have been relatively little studied. In this paper, we review the available information, most of it culled from the “grey” literature. We use a simple one‐dimensional morphodynamic model as a conceptual tool to illustrate potential morphological effects of riprap placement in a gravel‐bed river, which include inhibition of local sediment supply to the channel and consequent channel bed scour and substrate coarsening, and downstream erosion. Riprap placement also tends to sever organic material input from the riparian zone, with loss of shade, wood input, and input of finer organic material. Available information on the consequences for the aquatic ecosystem mainly concerns effects on commercially and recreationally important fishes. The preponderance of studies report unfavorable effects on local numbers, but habitat niches created by openings in riprap can favorably affect invertebrates and some small fishes. There is a need for much more research on both morphological and ecosystem effects of riprap placement.     

Prediction of Total Sediment Load in Sand‐Bed Rivers in Korea Using Lateral Distribution Method

A new method for numerically predicting the total sediment load in a river is proposed. The method can be used to predict the total sediment load with information on channel geometry and slope, flow, and bed materials. The conventional method uses a 1D approach that assumes the channel has a wide rectangular shape. However, the proposed method computes depth‐averaged velocity over the width and predicts the total sediment load based on the flow computations. The new method, therefore, is expected to predict better if the flow changes significantly in the lateral direction. The proposed method was applied to three large sand‐bed rivers in Korea, where information is available regarding suspended sediment. Five formulas were tested of use in making total sediment load computations, namely Engelund‐Hansen's, Ackers‐White's, Yang's, Brownlie's, and Karim's formulas. The predicted total sediment loads are compared not only with measured data but also with results calculated using the 1D approach. Discrepancy ratios between the predicted and measured total sediment loads are given and the results are discussed.     

岩溶地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃的污染及生态风险研究

为了解重庆南山老龙洞岩溶地下河表层沉积物中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的污染特征及生态风险,分析了地下河上游及出口表层沉积物样品中16种优先控制PAHs的含量和组成.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs总量在58.2~3 598 ng·g-1之间,大部分在100~5 000 ng·g-1之间,处于中等到高污染水平;从组成来看,老龙洞组成以2~4环为主,占到75.1%,仙女洞以4~6环相对富集,其比例为56.6%;老龙洞沉积物中PAHs主要来源于上游水体传输及地表土壤的输入,PAHs在地下河管道中的迁移表现为2~3环PAHs迁移距离远,4~6环的PAHs被强烈地吸附于沉积物中,迁移能力不足,从而富集于地下河管道中;生态风险评价结果表明,老龙洞沉积物PAHs很少产生负面生态效应,而仙女洞沉积物产生负面生态效应概率较大,一旦PAHs逐渐往下游迁移,将对下游的生态构成威胁.     

扰动和加藻共同作用下太湖沉积物中形态磷变化规律

为了阐明反复扰动下,不同初始浓度藻对沉积物中各形态磷释放的影响.以太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水作为研究材料,探讨了扰动和藻类共同作用下沉积物中各形态磷的变化规律.结果表明,无扰动状态下,NH4Cl-P和Res-P均有所降低,而Fe/Al-P和Ca-P则有所增加.其中,Ca-P随藻类初始浓度增加而增加,分别增加48%、66%、74%.但是,扰动状态下,NH4Cl-P和Res-P也明显降低.Fe/Al-P明显增加,其占总磷的百分比为66.2%(3组试验的平均值)高于不扰动状态(53.4%,3组试验的平均值);此外,Ca-P占总磷的百分比为24.1%(3组扰动试验的平均值)明显低于不扰动状态(33.0%,3组试验的平均值).这暗示了扰动和藻类共同作用下促进了Fe/Al-P的形成,而无扰动下藻类却促进了Ca-P的形成.     

辽河入海口及城市段柱状沉积物金属元素含量及分布特征

通过对辽河入海口地区(LN-2)和沈阳地区(LN-5)柱状沉积物粒度组成、TOC、TN、C/N比值和金属元素的分析,结合沉积物~(210)Pb的年代测定,探讨了有机质和金属元素的垂直变化特征及其影响因素,对沉积物有机质来源进行了初步分析,并采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))和富集因子法(EFs)对沉积物中金属进行污染评价.研究表明,LN-2和LN-5均以粉砂为主,LN-2粒度组成和有机质含量垂向分布变化不大,LN-5则呈波动变化.通过C/N比值对沉积物有机质来源进行分析,结果显示LN-2中C/N比值范围在5.24~7.93之间,具有机质来源以河流自身为主,LN-5中C/N比值范围在9.94~14.21之间,以陆源输入为主.Al、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Cr在两个柱状沉积物垂向上变化规律有所不同,LN-2沉积物中Ni和Zn元素以及LN-5沉积物中Pb和Zn元素受自然作用和人为因素共同影响,其他元素均与有机质分布规律相似,表明这些元素主要受自然作用和有机质影响.研究地区金属元素污染评价结果显示,Ni、Zn和Pb的污染程度较其他元素严重.结合辽宁省和研究地区近20年的经济发展情况,探讨了人类活动对环境的影响.     

水动力与表面活性剂协同作用对双酚A在沉积物上吸附的影响

选择太湖梅梁湾的表层沉积物作为实验对象,研究了水动力与表面活性剂协同作用下,双酚A吸附行为的变化特征.结果表明,当CTMAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)浓度在1.0倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)以下时,切应力的改变对双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量基本无影响;其吸附量随CTMAB浓度的增大而增大,0.1倍CMC、0.5倍CMC和1.0倍CMC的CTMAB条件下,双酚A的吸附量较0 CMC分别增大了0.18倍、0.54倍和0.62倍;相对于Freundich模型,其吸附等温线更符合线性模型.当CTMAB浓度高于CMC时,双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量和吸附平衡时间均随切应力的增加而减小,在切应力和低浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以切应力促进吸附平衡作用为主;而当切应力和高浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以CTMAB的作用为主.水动力和CTMAB共同作用下的双酚A的吸附过程满足准二级吸附动力学方程.