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751.
Estimation of runoff and sediment yield in the Redrock Creek watershed using AnnAGNPS and GIS 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Sediment has been identified as a significant threat to water quality and channel clogging that in turn may lead to river flooding. With the increasing awareness of the impairment from sediment to water bodies in a watershed, identifying the locations of the major sediment sources and reducing the sediment through management practices will be important for an effective watershed management. The annualized agricultural non-point sourcepollution(AnnAGNPS) model and newly developed GIS interface for it were applied in a small agricultural watershed, Redrock Creek watershed, Kansas, in this pilot study for exploring the effectiveness of using this model as a management tool. The calibrated model appropriately simulated monthly runoff and sediment yield through the practices in this study and potentially suggested the ways of sediment reduction through evaluating the changes of land use and field operation in the model for the purpose of watershed management. 相似文献
752.
753.
覆盖法控制城市河涌底泥磷释放研究 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18
建立了一套包含有城市河涌底泥、覆盖材料及上覆水的小试装置,采用粉煤灰、水泥、沸石、河砂、玻璃珠等不同物质作为覆盖材料,在厌氧条件下,覆盖材料对城市河涌底泥磷释放的控制效果进行了研究.结果表明,在培养温度为25℃,覆盖材料用量为6.0kg·m-2时,玻璃珠、河砂、沸石、粉煤灰、水泥对PO43-释放的抑制率分别为40.0%、46.7%、60.0%、75.6%、88 9%;覆盖材料对PO43-的抑制作用可归结为覆盖材料的覆盖效应、化学效应和吸附效应;覆盖材料对PO43-释放的抑制率均随着温度的升高而降低;覆盖材料用量对PO43-抑制率影响较大,对于水泥、粉煤灰、沸石、河砂,要达到约50%的PO43-释放抑制率,其用量分别为2.0、2.0、6.0、10.0 kg·m-2,选用粉煤灰作为覆盖材料较合适;从重金属毒理学方面讲,覆盖材料不会对底泥及区域土壤造成影响. 相似文献
754.
755.
固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中α-六六六,β-六六六,γ-六六六,δ-六六六,硫丹,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,三氯杀螨醇,甲氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯等16种农药残留量的方法.16种农药的残留组分在25min内能很好分离.标准加入回收率在81.2%-111.9%之间;方法变异系数2.9%-14.9%(0.01-0.1μg·ml-1,n= 6),检出下限在0.08-0.44μg·kg-1之间. 相似文献
756.
研究自然条件下沉积物中有机污染物沉积后的环境行为,考察澳门南湾湖钻孔沉积物中自由态和束缚态PAHs的含量与分布.研究表明,自由态PAHs以4-环、6,7-环和5-环为主,其质量百分贡献分别为28.7%~40.6%、17.6%~29.6%和13.2%~28.2%;而束缚态PAHs则以4-环、3-环和2-环为主,质量百分贡献分别为42.3%~55.8%、20.2%~35.8%和7.8%~18.8%.说明低分子量PAHs比高分子量PAHs更容易进入沉积有机质的孔隙中.自由态PAHs的垂直分布特征受区域经济发展及环境治理进程的影响,束缚态PAHs的含量一方面受控于PAHs的输入量,另一方面与沉积有机质的结构(特别是聚合程度)有关,随着沉积埋藏时间的延长有利于各化合物从自由态向束缚态转变. 相似文献
757.
太湖梅梁湾沉积物中多环芳烃的生态和健康风险 总被引:12,自引:4,他引:8
持久性有机物引起的水质安全性问题日益受到广泛的关注.利用生态和健康风险评价的原理和方法,对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中的多环芳烃可能导致的负面效应进行了分析.首先采用商值法筛选出该地区沉积物中具有潜在风险的多环芳烃,再进一步用建立在暴露浓度分布和物种敏感度分布上的概率法定量表征风险.结果表明,太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物的多环芳烃中,菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽7种具有潜在风险;在保护95%的物种水平下,菲的风险最小,而荧蒽和芘风险较高,达20%.健康风险分析表明,美国EPA提出的7种具有遗传毒性的多环芳烃其致癌风险在梅梁湾沉积物中均在10-5水平以下. 相似文献
758.
HU Zhan-bo Saman Wijesekara R.G. Ronald R. Navarro WU De-yi ZHANG Da-lei Masatoshi Matsumur KONG Hai-nan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2006,18(5):989-994
Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues. 相似文献
759.
Ashley JT Bushaw-Newton K Wilhelm M Boettner A Drames G Velinsky DJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):287-312
With increasing concern over degradation of aquatic resources, issues of liability, and maintenance costs, removal of small dams has become increasing popular. Although the benefits of removal seem to outweigh the drawbacks, there is a relative paucity of studies documenting the extent and magnitude of biological and chemical changes associated with dam removal, especially those evaluating potential changes in contaminant inventories. In August and November of 2000, a run-of-the-river dam on Manatawny Creek (southeast Pennsylvania) was removed in a two-stage process. To assess the effects of dam removal on the contaminant redistribution within the creek, sedimentary concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were evaluated prior to and several months after removal. Pre- and post-removal analyses revealed elevated and spatially variable concentrations of total PAHs (ranging from approximately 200 to 81,000 ng(g dry weight) and low to moderate concentrations of trace metals and PCBs. The concentrations of these sedimentary contaminants pre- versus post-removal were not significantly different. Additionally, though the impoundment received storm water run-off and associated contaminants from the adjacent city of Pottstown, the total inventory of fine-grain sediments in the impoundment prior to removal was very low. The removal of the low-level Manatawny Creek dam did not significantly redistribute contaminants downstream. However, each dam removal should be assessed on a case by case basis where the potential of sedimentary contaminant redistribution upon dam removal exists. 相似文献
760.
McCready S Birch GF Long ER Spyrakis G Greely CR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,120(1-3):187-220
Correlation analyses between measures of toxicity and concentrations of chemical contaminants were conducted for 103 surficial sediments from Sydney Harbour, Australia, and vicinity. Toxicity tests consisted of amphipod survival and reburial tests of whole sediments (Corophium colo), sea urchin fertilisation and larval development tests of pore waters (Heliocidaris tuberculata) and microbial bioluminescence (Microtox) tests of solvent extracts and pore waters. Toxicity in most tests correlated with concentrations of metallic contaminants, in particular, zinc, lead and copper. Organic contaminants did not correlate as significantly with toxicity. However, Heliocidaris tuberculata showed relationships with organochlorine compounds in samples with low to moderate metals contamination. Toxicity in the Microtox solvent extract test appeared to be primarily influenced by the presence of sulfur. This study has no precedent in Australia and the results support the validity of using local indigenous species in toxicity tests of field-collected sediments. This toxicity/chemistry dataset may be used in evaluations of sediment quality guidelines recently introduced to Australia. 相似文献