秦皇岛近海养殖对潮间带微生物群落多样性的影响

潮间带微生物群落在驱动海岸带生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用,近海养殖造成的环境问题日益凸显,但其对潮间带微生物群落结构的影响还缺乏研究。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）的分子生物学技术,研究秦皇岛养殖区与旅游区潮间带沉积物中微生物多样性的差异,分析养殖区微生物的16S rRNA基因文库的组成特征。结果表明：养殖区的微生物群落结构与旅游区形成较大的差异,DGGE图谱中养殖区的特有条带主要集中于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）,还分布于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。影响潮间带微生物的群落结构的主要环境因子包括温度、盐度、pH和NO3-浓度,影响率达55.2%。对差异最大的洋河大桥南养殖区（Q1站）的微生物样品建立克隆文库分析群落结构,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌群,占总群落的60%,其中γ-变形菌纲是主要存在的微生物纲,其余菌群包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的微生物。养殖区海岸带微生物群落中出现了与环境污染和赤潮密切相关的菌群,如拟杆菌门、肠杆菌属（Enterobacteriaceae）和α-变形细菌红细菌目（Roseovarius）的微生物。     

兰州市银滩湿地小生境沉积物中硅藻的属种分布及特征

通过采集兰州市银滩湿地秋（10月）、冬（12月）两季不同水环境中的表面沉积物,分析鉴定硅藻属种的分布和组合特征。结果表明硅藻优势种随采样点和采样时间发生变化。10月份以Gyrosigma scalproides、Cymatopleura solea var.regula、Navicula viridula var.rostellata、N.simplex、N.exigua、Nitzschia palea、N.angustata var.acuta、Cymbella affinis为相对优势种。12月份以Gyrosigma Parkerii、G.acuminatum、Navicula veneta、N.viridula var.rostellata、Nitzschia angustata var.acuta、N.palea、Cocconeis placentula为相对优势种。银滩湿地在秋季和冬季以指示淡水环境硅藻为主,底栖种和附着型种为特征。出现了一些指示中营养的有机污染种,表明了水质的营养化程度升高。有机质含量、pH、Cl-和P是中营养有机污染种主要的影响因素,表明银滩湿地的富营养化趋势较为明显。     

覆盖材料对洱海不同湖区沉积物溶解态有机磷和无机磷释放影响及差异

通过模拟实验探讨了4种覆盖材料对洱海不同湖区沉积物溶解态总磷（DTP）、溶解态有机磷（DOP）和溶解态无机磷（SRP）释放影响及差异.结果表明：①与无覆盖对照相比,覆盖材料通过改变洱海沉积物pH和Eh及溶解性有机质（DOM）特征,降低了沉积物DTP最大释放量,其中,覆盖氧化铁对洱海北部和南部沉积物DTP释放控制效果较好,与无覆盖对照相比,释放量分别减少了44.3%和35.71%;而覆盖氧化铝对中部湖区沉积物DTP释放控制效果较好,与无覆盖对照相比,释放量减少了29.6%.②覆盖铁铝氧化物对洱海不同湖区沉积物SRP和DOP释放量影响差异明显,北部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铁后,SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了35.6%和36.2%,主要是因为其降低了沉积物pH和Eh,而增加了DOM活性所致;中部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铝后,SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了28.9%和31.6%,与氧化铝促进了该湖区DOM活性密切相关;南部湖区沉积物覆盖氧化铁后,沉积物SRP和DOP释放量分别降低了47.4%和16.5%,则与覆盖氧化铁降低了该湖区沉积物pH和Eh有关.因此,如选择覆盖材料控制洱海不同湖区沉积物磷释放,北部和南部湖区应选择覆盖氧化铁,而中部湖区应选取氧化铝作为覆盖材料.     

Fractionation of Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in Sediments of Khor Kalabsha, Lake Nasser, Egypt

Khor Kalabsha is the second largest Khor in Lake Nasser, which is a freshwater side-branch of the main lake. Chemical analysis of the samples indicates that calcium carbonate and organic matter content in the surface sediments average 17.8 and 3.07%, respectively. Moreover, manganese, iron, zinc and copper concentrations are lower in Khor Kalabsha than in other lakes of Egypt. It has been found that both oxides and residual forms constitute the major part of the measured elements in the study area, while manganese and iron play an important role in building up clay minerals. It is noted that both zinc and copper fractions are controlled by biological and biochemical processes.     

Chemistry, mineralogy and radioactivity in posidonia oceanica meadows from North-Western Sicily

This paper presents measurements of major, minor, metal trace elements and radionuclides in sediments and in Posidonia oceanica samples from north-western Sicily (Italy). The mineralogical and chemical composition of sediments were determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence techniques, respectively. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in P. oceanica samples and in sediments. Specific activities of selected radionuclides have been determined by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. Standard statistical analysis was used to assess correlations between different elements and different sample types.     

高原湿地剑湖湖滨带功能作用的定量研究

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法，从水质和底泥两个方面定量研究剑湖湖滨带的功能作用。结果表明，湖滨带在水质净化和拦截泥沙等方面效果显著，特别是对水中总氮与总磷的平均去除率分别高达66．28％和45．73％，其拦截作用表现为：迎水面的泥层厚度是背水面的1．5倍；底泥的各项指标（除pH值），湖滨带背水面均比迎水面高，速效磷和全氮的增加量最为明显，其含量分别是迎水面的3．30和2．61倍，这主要与湖滨植物带大量吸收入湖矿质营养用于自身生长，其残体在背水面沉积有关，从另一角度体现了湖滨带的吸附、净化功能。因此，要重视并保护湖滨带，从而使其功能得到有效发挥。     

攀枝花地区河流沉积物的重金属污染研究

攀枝花市是长江流域经济带上游区第一城，几十年的开发建设使该地区的经济、社会得到了飞速的发展，但同时也造成了一定的环境影响。采用地质累积指数评价了该区水系沉积物中的重金属污染状况，结果表明，水系沉积物中各元素的污染程度由高到低为：Ti、Cu、V、Pb、Zn、Cr、As；总体上看，各元素在攀钢采矿场、选矿厂、冶炼厂及尾矿坝等地的污染程度较高，表明该区水系沉积物中重金属和攀枝花地区金沙江水质的污染主要与该区钒钛磁铁矿的采、选、冶等矿业活动有关。该区应采取如下措施减轻环境影响：(1)加强矿区环境恢复和环境管理，确保区域资源、环境、经济、社会可持续发展；(2)加强城市环境监测，特别是重金属和其他微量元素污染的监测，进行城市生态环境安全预警。     

GRAZED STUBBLE HEIGHT AS A CRITERION FOR CONTROLLING SEDIMENT PRODUCTION FROM GRAZING LANDS1

ABSTRACT: Efforts by state and federal agencies to develop standards and guidelines for protecting and enhancing water quality on grazing lands have led to suggestions that grazed stubble height criteria could be used to determine when cattle should be removed from a specific pasture or grazing area. Until recently only indirect scientific evidence from agronomy and laboratory studies gave support to the stubble height concept. Consequently, a grazing study was initiated on a Montana ranch in 1997 to determine the reduction in overland sediment achieved by grazing a pasture to a predetermined stubble height. Treatments consisted of 7 cm (3 in) grazed, 7 cm (3 in) clipped or mowed, 15 cm (6 in) grazed; 15 cm (6 in) clipped and untreated or natural forage plant height. The five treatments were used in a two‐year trial spanning 1997 to 1999. At the conclusion of this study the magnitude of sediment production was related to the number of intense rain events during the March through June period rather than total precipitation. There was a significant year effect in terms of sediment accumulation (P < 0.01) but no year by treatment effect (P = 0.11). Even though a significant difference in sediment accumulation was detected between the shorter and taller stubble heights (P = 0.04) in both 1998 and 1999, the difference could not be explained by grazed stubble height alone. Close grazing (7 cm stubble) consistently ranked lowest in sediment production (P < 0.01) among all treatments, including the ungrazed control. These results suggest that changes in plant community structure and microtopographic caused by grazing influence sediment entrapment (retention) on hillslopes more than those caused by plant height.     

Changes in Extractable Metal Concentrations During Storage of Surface Water Samples Containing Sediments1

ABSTRACT: Changes in metal concentrations during storage of acidified water samples were studied. Water samples with high concentrations of suspended sediment were collected from the Fraser River, British Columbia. These samples were analyzed for “extractable” metals, which are defined to be the dissolved metals plus those metals extracted from suspended sediment by dilute mineral acid. Concentrations of extractable Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, and Cd were determined over time. Metal concentrations in these water samples were not stable and showed significant increases throughout the storage period. These results suggest that the extractable metal technique is inappropriate for the analysis of water samples containing suspended sediment.     

沉积物和生物样品铜,铅测定的质量控制

通过测定方法选择，基础实验，空白值测定，精密和准确度控制有效地控制测定过程，保证测定数据准确，可靠，可比。