我国营养体产业发展及种植业结构调整

本文根据我国气候的基本特征,提出了发展营养体产业是高效利用我国土地资源和气候资源的有效途径的观点,比较了营养体产业和传统农业在光能利用和产量等方面的差别,指出了营养体产业和技术关键是科学利用Ｓ－型生长曲线。     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

铜对夏腊梅种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内水培试验,研究不同浓度的外源铜处理对夏腊梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)种子萌发、根伸长抑制率、呼吸强度、丙二醛及抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,(1)铜浓度与夏腊梅根伸长抑制率呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),但与萌发率相关性不显著.(2)铜处理对夏腊梅种子的过氧化物酶(POD EC1.11.1.7)具有激活效应,且随着铜浓度的增加激活效应逐渐增强.丙二醛(MDA)含量随铜浓度的增大先略降而后逐渐升高.对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD EC 1.15.1.1)和过氧化氢酶(CAT EC 1.11.1.6)存在胁迫初期低浓度下的激活效应,随着铜浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,表现为抑制效应,且随着铜浓度的增加抑制效应逐渐增强.     

充分利用水泥工艺特点多途径综合利用工业废渣

主要结合水泥工艺的特点 ,阐述了以矿渣代替优质水泥熟料作为非熟料晶种 ,以硫磷渣代替天然二水石膏作为矿化剂及缓凝剂 ,以湿排粉煤灰、煤矸石和煤渣作为水泥混合材 ,可生产出符合国标 175 - 92规定的 4 2 5 #普通硅酸盐水泥 ,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益     

红壤丘陵区不同森林恢复类型土壤种子库特征研究

研究采用野外取样和室内萌发相结合的方法对湖南红壤丘陵区4种森林恢复类型下土壤种子库进行了比较研究。主要结论为:①草本植物是4种森林类型土壤种子库物种组成和个体数量的主要组成部分,其比例分别达61.9％-86.67％和49.82％-87.27％。4种植被类型种子库密度大小为:杉木林>湿地松林>油茶林>天然次生林;②天然次生林的灌木和乔木植物种子种类与数量多于人工林;③湿地松人工林和杉木人工林的人工抚育导致部分种子埋藏在土壤较深层,土壤8-20cm中种子数分别占种子库的33.09％和26.64％;④对于土壤种子库的物种多样性,天然次生林显著大于人工林,干扰少的油茶林大于干扰较多的湿地松林和杉木林,天然次生林最有利于该区域植物物种多样性的维持与保护;⑤不同森林恢复类型下种子库中种子来源不一致,湿地松林和杉木林土壤种子库中的物种与地表植物物种较一致,共有物种比例达69.2％和43.8％,而油茶林和天然次生林种子库中的物种与地上植被的种类组成差异较大,共有物种比例仅为26.7％和33.3％。研究结果表明,从物种丰富度与群落结构复杂性来看,我国南方红壤丘陵区森林恢复类型以自然恢复最优。对人工林的抚育方式,该区域采用的“全抚”将增加种子库的损失,不利于植被的恢复。     

重金属对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长的抑制效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤中铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长抑制率以及草甸棕壤条件下重金属复合污染的生态效应.结果表明,重金属对西红柿根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.土壤重金属明显低于水体重金属对西红柿根伸长的抑制.抑制率大小排列为红壤>>草甸棕壤>栗钙土>暗棕壤.铜、锌、铅、镉对西红柿根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质、土壤凯氏氮、全钾含量显著线性负相关(P=0.05);与土壤pH值和土壤全磷含量线性不相关(P=0.05).重金属复合污染对西红柿根伸长表现为协同作用和拮抗作用.     

九龙江西陂库区沉积物甲藻孢囊萌发增殖研究

甲藻孢囊在甲藻的生命史中扮演着重要的角色,本文研究了九龙江西陂库区沉积物甲藻孢囊对温度和营养盐的萌发响应.结果显示,西陂库区沉积物中,甲藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的1.9%~6.1%,主要为拟多甲藻属(Peridiniopsis);硅藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的81.8%~91.8%,绿藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的6.1%~13.2%,其他门类的藻类较少.实验模拟条件下,较高的温度能促进甲藻孢囊的萌发,甲藻孢囊在20℃有更高的萌发率,不同温度下甲藻孢囊最终的萌发率差别不大,高温能促进甲藻孢囊的萌发,同样也有助于蓝藻和绿藻的萌发增殖,从种间竞争角度来看,15℃温度相对较低但更有利于甲藻孢囊萌发并增殖占据优势.以单磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Monophosphate,AMP)作为有机磷源能促进孢囊的萌发,提高甲藻孢囊的萌发速率,但不能提高孢囊的最终萌发率.     

静电场和聚乙二醇等处理对大豆种子抗吸胀冷害的促进作用的比较

用正、负高压静电场（HVEF）,聚乙二醇（PEG）,氯化钙（CaCl2）和二甲基亚矾（DMSO）等方法预处理大豆种子,比较种子抗低温吸胀冷害的能力结果表明：负高压静电场处理能促进膜相转变或损伤修复,并能在低温吸胀时减少无机离子,有机大分子物质的外渗;还能提高种子内自由基清除酶系的活性,促进糖原和贮存蛋白的代谢及生长调节物质的水平比较几种处理方法的效果表明：高压静电场处理主要提高自由基清除酶系和基础代谢酶的活性,而对吸胀时的膜损伤修复的促进效果较小;聚乙二醇和氯化钙则在促进种子吸胀时的睦相转变和膜损伤修复方面有显著作用所有的处理方法均在不同程度上抑制羟自由基（HO）的产生,从而减轻膜脂质过氧化的伤害.     

塑料地膜对小麦种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了中国北方地区常用的塑料地膜对小麦Triticum aestivum L.种子发芽率,芽长根长及幼苗抗氧化酶系的影响以探明塑料地膜的毒性。结果显示500~2 500 mg.kg-1两种质量分数的塑料地膜处理对小麦种子的发芽率几乎不产生影响,在高质量分数（≥5 000 mg.kg-1）处理下小麦的发芽率有所下降。500~5 000 mg.kg-1的塑料地膜能促进小麦叶和根的伸长,但在高质量分数情况下则显著抑制了根和芽的延伸,其中15 000 mg.kg-1添加量下,叶和根的抑制率分别达到了16.70%和15.07%。小麦根系抗氧化酶活性对两种塑料地膜的敏感程度大于叶片。在高质量分数条件下,根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随暴露时间的延长明显受到了抑制。在经地膜1和地膜2处理后,小麦叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在不同暴露时间和不同质量分数下没有显著差异,但地膜1处理后的小麦根系中的POD随暴露时间的延长呈先降低后增加的趋势,而CAT活性变化不大。地膜2处理后的小麦根系中的POD和CAT活性随暴露时间的延长而降低。结果表明,高质量分数塑料地膜的处理会对小麦早期幼苗的抗氧化酶系统产生毒害作用。