贵阳市近郊不同人为干扰迹地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

采用种子萌发试验对贵阳市乌当区马背山喀斯特次生林不同干扰迹地(弃耕干扰、火烧干扰和碎石堆积干扰)土壤种子库与地上植被的关系进行研究,结果显示:弃耕地、火烧地和碎石堆积地的地面植被的物种数和生活型比土壤种子库丰富,土壤种子库中乔木种类缺乏,以菊科、禾本科和豆科植物等草本植物占优势。3种干扰迹地地上植被物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数均大于土壤种子库,弃耕地土壤种子库的生态优势度指数大于地上植被,而碎石堆积地则小于地上植被。3种干扰迹地土壤种子库与地表植被的物种相似性系数分别为0.4000、0.4274和0.3556,表明不同人为干扰方式对地表植被和土壤种子库的影响程度不同。     

黄土高原次生林演替过程土壤有机碳库及其化学组成响应特征

为探明黄土高原次生林演替过程中土壤有机碳库及其化学组成演化特征,选取陕北黄土高原黄龙山林区次生林演替初级阶段(山杨林)、过渡阶段(山杨、辽东栎混交林)和顶级阶段(辽东栎林)样地为研究对象,分析不同土层深度(0～10、 10～20、 20～30、 30～50和50～100 cm)土壤有机碳含量、储量和化学组成变化特征.结果表明：(1)土壤有机碳含量和储量随次生林演替过程显著增加(P<0.05),土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加显著降低,土壤有机碳储量从初级阶段的64.8Mg·hm^-2增加至顶级阶段的129.2Mg·hm^-2,增加了99%.(2)次生林演替过程中,表层(0～30 cm)土壤有机碳中结构简单、相对易分解的脂肪族碳组分相对含量减少,结构复杂、相对难分解的芳香族碳组分相对含量增加,表明表层土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性随次生林演替过程显著提高,而深层(30～100cm)土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性表现为先增加后降低,即过渡阶段>顶级阶段>初级阶段.(3)次生林演替过程中,初级阶段和过渡阶段土壤有机碳化学组成稳定性随土层深度增加显著增...     

贵州高原草海湿地土壤有机碳分布特征及其与酶活性的关系

基于时空替代的研究方法,对贵州草海湿地土壤有机碳和氧化还原酶活性分布进行了研究,分析了土壤总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)与土壤酶活性、环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,不同退化梯度湿地土壤中有机碳存在较大的差异,沿着退化梯度表层土壤TOC、DOC含量和脱氢酶(DHA)活性逐渐降低(p0.05),而多酚酶(PPO)活性逐渐升高(p0.05);在垂直剖面上,原生湿地(CH1)和轻度退化湿地(CH_2)土壤TOC先增加后减少,而沼泽化湿地(CH3)和草甸湿地(CH_4)土壤TOC无明显的分层和富聚现象;相关性分析表明,TOC、DOC与PPO显著负相关(p0.01),而PPO与土壤含水率(WHC)、总氮(TN)和硝酸盐(NO-3-N)含量等显著负相关(p0.01),与pH显著正相关(p0.01).以上结果表明,土壤有机碳和酶活性的变化是对湿地退化的响应,湿地退化碳库的损失与PPO活性增加有关,而WHC、TN、NO-3-N和pH是影响PPO活性分布的重要因子.     

城市道路行道树树池裸地扬尘排放特征

本研究以北京市西城区为例,研究城市道路行道树树池裸地(以下简称树池裸地)扬尘排放特征.利用GIS技术获取西城区分道路类型里程空间分布,对展览路街道树池裸地进行全口径调查,得到西城区道路树池裸地活动水平,采用便携式风洞(PI-SWERL)实测各种道路树池裸地扬尘PM2.5排放因子,估算西城区2016年树池裸地扬尘排放清单.结果表明:(1)快速路辅路、主干路、次干路和街坊路单位面积树池裸地扬尘PM2.5年排放因子分别为47.9、7.9、14.9和29.9 g·(m2·a)-1,2016年降水过程对树池裸地PM2.5排放因子的削减率为30.3%;(2)快速路辅路、主干路、次干路、支路和街坊路单位里程树池裸地扬尘PM2.5年排放因子分别为2.57、2.33、4.04、7.31和5.44 kg·(km·a)-1,支路是街坊路、次干路、快速路辅路和主干路的1.3、1.8、2.8和3.1倍,以次干路为例,冬季排放因子分别是春夏秋季的1.3、7.3和8.7倍;(3)北京市西城区树池裸地全年PM2.5排放量为1.60 t·a-1,排放清单的不确定性范围为-143%~184%,冬季排放量为0.68 t·a-1,分别是春夏秋季的1.1、4.2和5.1倍,快速路辅路、主干路、次干路、支路和街坊路占总排放量的5.6%、8.7%、23.2%、4.1%和58.4%.建议尽快对全市树池裸地采取不影响树木生长的覆盖措施,减少风蚀扬尘排放.     

滨海湿地盐沼植被修复中的种子产品制作过程及其有效性

针对当前滨海湿地种子流在潮汐过程中种子有效沉降降低、土壤种子库分布不均、定植效率低和栖息地裸斑现象等关键问题,以黄河三角洲盐沼湿地的盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）为修复物种,研发一种应用于滨海湿地盐沼植被修复的固态种子产品,阐述固态种子产品的制作过程,并开展三种不同保水材料为核心材料（聚丙烯酰胺PAM,羟乙基纤维素HEC,羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMC）的种子产品的有效性研究。研究结果表明：（1）包装制作后的盐地碱蓬种子的吸水倍率和保水持续时间显著高于普通天然种子,表现出良好的吸水保水特性;（2）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子受盐度梯度变化的影响较小,表现出良好的耐盐抗性;（3）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子具有更高的萌发潜力,而不同保水材料的种子产品包装对盐地碱蓬种子萌发的促进作用表现为PAM>HPMC>HEC>天然种子;（4）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子具有更短的悬浮时间和较快的平均沉降速度,表明了种子产品增强了盐地碱蓬种子抵抗水动力干扰的潜力,其中以PAM为保水材料的种子产品可以直接、快速地沉降。本文首次将种子产品技术应用于滨海湿地盐沼植被修复中,为种子产品技术在退化滨海湿地的植被修复领域的应用与实践提供了理论基础。     

黄磷燃烧特性实验研究与理论分析

基于黄磷燃烧特性实验,对黄磷燃烧的动力学现象进行了实验研究和理论分析。通过观察不同燃烧表面积的黄磷燃烧动力学现象,获得了黄磷的燃烧特性参数,并利用池火模型对黄磷燃烧实验进行了理论分析。研究结果表明：固定表面积的黄磷燃烧时,黄磷的质量损失速率可近似视为某一恒定值,黄磷的质量损失速率与燃烧表面积有关。黄磷燃烧实验火焰最高温度约为1000℃,火焰高度与燃烧表面积有关。池火模型可以对黄磷的燃烧特性参数进行预测和分析,池火模型所预测的火焰高度与实验数据基本相吻合,相对误差小于7％。     

A coffee agroecosystem model: I. Growth and development of the coffee plant

This paper is the first of three on the coffee production system consisting of (1) the coffee plant, (2) coffee berry borer (CBB) and (3) the role of CBB parasitoids. A previous simulation model of the coffee plant was developed using data from Brazil where coffee phenology is characterized by distinct seasonal flowering (Gutierrez et al., 1998). In contrast, flowering in Colombia is continuous with low seasonality. To capture the differences in coffee phenology and growth in the two climatic regions, the Gutierrez et al. (1998) model was modified using new data from Colombia.The modifications to the model include:

(1)

The effect of solar radiation on floral buds initiation;

(2)

An age structure population model to track the daily input and development of the floral buds;

(3)

The effect of leaf water potential on breaking dormancy in flower buds, and hence on the timing and intensity of flowering;

(4)

The incorporation of both the vegetative and the reproductive demands to predict the photosynthetic rate.

(5)

The effect of low temperature on photosynthesis and defoliation.

Other aspects of the model were re-interpreted and refinements made to generalize its structure for use across coffee varieties and geographic areas. The model, without modification, realistically simulates field data from Brazil and two Colombian locations having different varieties, patterns of rainfall and hence flowering phenology.The model will be used as the base trophic level for incorporating CBB and high tropic levels effects, and for the analysis of management options in the coffee production system.     

铜、镉胁迫下荻种子的萌发和幼苗生长

研究了不同质量浓度Cu、Cd胁迫对荻(Triarrhena sacchariflora(Maxim.)Nakai)种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫质量浓度的增大,Cu、Cd对荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强。就发芽率来看,影响荻种子萌发的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为20.81、67.37 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为16.30、42.79 mg·L-1。Cu、Cd对荻幼苗根的抑制作用大于对芽的抑制作用;芽的生长表现为低促高抑。影响荻幼苗芽生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为52.32、96.11 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为33.55、55.88 mg·L-1;影响荻幼苗根生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为42.33、85.03 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为26.18、50.45 mg·L-1。     

Mass-transfer processes of chromium(VI) adsorption onto guava seeds

The chromium(VI) biosorption onto guava seeds, as an alternative method for Cr⁶⁺ removal from aqueous solutions, was investigated. The parameters affecting kinetics and equilibrium of Cr⁶⁺ adsorption onto guava seeds were studied. An external mass-transfer diffusion coefficient k and intra-particle diffusion coefficient k_i were determined to measure the rate-limiting step of adsorption. A single external mass-transfer diffusion model and intra-particle diffusion models were used. The effects of initial pH, sorbent mass, and initial Cr⁶⁺ concentrations on mass-transfer coefficients were investigated. The external mass-transfer coefficient has an average value of 7.2×10^-3 cm s^-1, while the intra-particle mass-transfer diffusion coefficient was 0.34 mg g^-1 min^-0.5. This indicates that external diffusion to the guava seeds surface and intra-particle diffusion are both involved in the sorption process. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models with an average correlation coefficient R²=0.98. The maximum removal of Cr⁶⁺ was obtained at pH 1 (about 100% for adsorbent dose of 15 g l^-1 and 25 mg l^-1 initial concentration of Cr⁶⁺). The results indicated that the guava seeds exhibit acceptable sorption capacity.     

Multi-level governance for large marine commons: Politics and polycentricity in Palau's protected area network

This paper brings together institutional theories of polycentricity and critical human geography theory on scalar politics to advance understanding of the form and function of nested, polycentric regimes for the governance of large-scale common pool resources. We focus on institutional changes associated with a national marine protected area network in Palau through which national government and NGOs gain influence in local decision-making processes. Influence is gained through an attempt to scale up common-pool resource governance to an ecologically-relevant spatial scale in an effort to protect coral reef resilience and biodiversity across Palau. An institutional approach informed by scalar politics brings into focus potential tradeoffs between organizing governance reform around ecologically versus institutionally relevant scales. Our analysis suggests that prioritization of ecologically-relevant scales in institutional reform resulted in more nested but less polycentric institutional arrangements governing the network. We conclude that less distributed decision-making in the overall nested governance system could threaten the sustainability and resilience of coral reefs in the long-term by constraining institutional innovation and diversity. Results demonstrate the potential for interdisciplinary dialog to advance the research frontier on multi-level governance for large common pool resources.