重金属杂质对磷酸铵镁结晶法处理制药废水的影响

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理废水时常受众多因素影响,其中重金属类杂质对该过程影响较大。实验研究了Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺杂质存在条件下,用该法去除制药废水中PO₄^3-、NH₄⁺污染物,同时,用XRD、XRF、SEM等手段研究了所得鸟粪石晶体特征。结果表明,pH为9.5时,Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺杂质存在条件下,PO₄^3-去除率分别为88%和85%,投加晶种有利于回收特定晶形鸟粪石,Cu²⁺对磷酸铵镁结晶过程的影响较Mn²⁺存在时显著。     

RAPD方法鉴定油菜“杂油59”种子纯度的研究

本文采用ＲＡＰＤ分子标记技术对我国育成的油菜新品种“杂油５９”的亲本和Ｆ１代种子纯度进行了技术鉴定。用４０个１０ｍｅｒ的随机引物对“杂油５９”的２个亲本“垦Ｃ８”和“陕３Ａ”进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,共出现２９０条带,分布于３５３０～２２０ｂｐ之间,大部分条带在双亲之间是相同的。引物Ｏｐａ－Ｏ６,Ｏｐｃ－１２,Ｏｐｃ－２０,Ｏｐｋ－０３,ｏｐｋ－１３,Ｏｐｊ－１２出现差异扩增带,经实验确认Ｏｐｋ－０３的     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.     

太湖地区不同土地利用影响下水稻土重金属有效性库变化

在太湖地区调查选择了乡镇工业环境、集约化农业丰产方及长期肥料试验地等几种人类农业利用类型和环境影响的地块,采集水稻土耕层样本作若干重金属的有效性库分析.结果表明,各种环境和利用影响下太湖地区水稻土重金属有效性库都存在升高的趋势,其程度介于30%至200%,且以表层最为突出.近工业区环境和长期单施化肥下这种有效性库变化最为剧烈,其土壤Cu、Pb有效性库分别达到7.96～2.15 mg·kg^-1、24.7～3.47mg·kg^-1和8.34～4.42 mg·kg、9.01～4.95 mg·kg^-1.这种有效性升高伴随着总量的积累趋势可能是太湖地区土壤环境质量演变的当前特点,这必须在本地区农业与食物安全中备加关注.     

不同pH条件下CdCl2对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应

采用培养皿滤纸萌发试验,研究在3种pH(4.0、6.0和8.0)条件下,不同质量浓度(0、5、10、20、40和80mg/L)的CdCl₂溶液对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应. 结果表明,低质量浓度的CdCl₂(≤20mg/L)显著提高了紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L、pH为6.0时活力指数与对照组相比明显增加,达到177.52±16.61;随着ρ(CdCl₂)的提高,CdCl₂对苜蓿幼苗生长的促进效应不断增强,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L时,3种pH条件下的芽鲜质量分别为(6.60±0.11)、(6.68±0.20)和(9.51±0.16)mg,根鲜质量分别为(6.71±0.10)、(7.09±0.08)和(9.10±0.08)mg,达到最大; 当ρ(CdCl₂)达到40和80mg/L时,紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长则受到显著抑制,ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时发芽率和活力指数分别仅为对照组的14.8%和46.5%;ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时芽鲜质量最低,3种pH条件下分别为(3.48±0.15)、(4.03±0.19)和(7.00±0.22)mg. 研究还发现,紫花苜蓿种子发芽率和活力指数随pH降低而降低,弱碱(pH=8.0)条件下紫花苜蓿在ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时的发芽率为66.40%±3.19%,大于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的发芽率(11.20%±3.61%、9.20%±4.22%),而活力指数(93.90±10.71)也高于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的活力指数(49.77±3.25、56.67±3.48),表明pH由酸性到碱性的变化过程能够缓解CdCl₂对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒性.      

土壤重金属对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土)条件下,铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜种子发芽与根伸长的抑制率,以及暗棕壤条件下重金属的复合污染效应.结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对白菜根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.重金属在土壤中对白菜根伸长抑制效应明显低于其在水体中的抑制效应, 这表明土壤对重金属污染有重要的缓冲作用.铜、锌、铅、镉污染对白菜根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质和土壤氮含量显著负相关;但与土壤pH和土壤钾含量的相关性不显著.铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜根伸长为刺激作用浓度下,复合污染即产生明显的协同作用,其结果使白菜根伸长的抑制效应阈值明显降低.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

外源亚精胺对As5+胁迫下水稻种子萌发和As吸收积累的影响

农田As污染对农作物生长有毒害作用,导致农作物产量降低、品质下降.研究了外源添加亚精胺(Spd)对As~(5+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,外源添加Spd能够促进As~(5+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发过程,提高种子的发芽势和发芽率,促进幼苗根系生长.添加Spd可以不同程度地提高As~(5+)胁迫下水稻幼苗和根系中的抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,降低水稻幼芽和根系中的丙二醛(MDA)含量.当As~(5+)浓度为25μmol·L~(-1)时,添加500μmol·L~(-1)和1 000μmol·L~(-1) Spd使水稻根系中的MDA含量比对照处理分别降低12.3%和31.3%,水稻幼芽CAT活性分别提高105.1%和101.4%,水稻根系CAT活性分别提高29.9%和57.1%.添加Spd也影响水稻对As的吸收积累.当As~(5+)浓度为25μmol·L~(-1)时,添加500μmol·L~(-1)和1 000μmol·L~(-1) Spd导致水稻幼芽As含量与对照相比分别降低69.4%和75.1%,水稻根系As含量分别降低7.6%和24.4%.Spd可以有效地缓解As~(5+)对水稻的毒害作用.     

S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸缓解水稻种子幼根和幼芽镉胁迫机制

土壤Cd污染对水稻种子萌发和植株生长发育都具有毒害作用,最终可能导致稻谷产量下降及Cd含量超标.本文采用种子萌发试验研究了来源于大蒜提取物的天然含硫有机化合物S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸（SAC）缓解水稻种子幼根和幼芽Cd²⁺胁迫的潜在机制.本试验过程中选用我国南方稻区主栽水稻品种"中早35"种子作为试验材料,首先研究了SAC对水稻种子幼根和幼芽Cd²⁺胁迫的缓解效应;在此基础上,通过研究SAC对种子幼根和幼芽生理生化系统及Cd含量影响,探索了SAC缓解水稻种子幼根和幼芽Cd²⁺胁迫的生理机制;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了SAC对水稻Cd转运蛋白编码基因表达水平的影响,探讨了SAC缓解Cd²⁺胁迫的分子机制.结果表明,当Cd²⁺胁迫浓度达到50 μmol·L^-1时水稻种子幼根和幼芽发育会受到显著抑制;当SAC添加浓度达到200 μmol·L^-1时,幼根的总根长、根表面积和根体积与50 μmol·L^-1Cd²⁺胁迫处理组相比分别增加173.5%、65.52%和37.04%;幼根和幼芽中CAT、SOD活性分别增加212.42%、110.76%和31.41%、47.31%;幼根和幼芽中MDA、GSH含量分别降低43.09%、34.12%和33.97%、35.74%;幼根和幼芽中Cd含量分别降低35.91%、28.86%.实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,添加SAC处理后Cd转运蛋白编码基因OsNramp5和OsHMA2的相对表达量与Cd²⁺胁迫处理组相比分别显著降低了33.38%和34.99%,OsHMA3的相对表达量与Cd²⁺胁迫处理组相比显著升高了33.96%.由以上试验结果可见,SAC降低水稻幼根和幼芽Cd²⁺胁迫的主要机制是SAC调控了Cd转运蛋白编码基因的表达水平,降低了Cd向幼根和幼芽中的转运,同时增加了Cd向液泡中的转运.     

DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的生态风险评估

采用常规水质指标检测和种子发芽及根伸长抑制的陆生生态毒理方法,评价了DAT-IAT工艺处理过程中各工艺阶段污水的生态风险.常规水质指标检测结果显示,COD和SS可以达标排放,而氮的形态由进水时的NH⁺₄-N转变为DAT、出水中的NO^-₃-N,只是形态发生了变化,并没有从污水中去除,虽然达到了设计的NH⁺₄-N去除要求,可以达标排放,但是并未降低受纳水体发生富营养化的生态风险.生态毒理指标检测结果显示,进水、DAT、出水各阶段污水中COD对小麦种子发芽的半数抑制浓度逐渐降低,分别为249.3、 165.3和161.2 mg·L^-1;对小麦根伸长的半数抑制浓度也逐渐降低,分别为257.6、 154.0和142.1 mg·L^-1,表明DAT-IAT工艺处理过程中污水的生态毒性变化趋势为逐渐增大,处理后的出水存在一定的生态风险,有进一步进行生态风险调控的必要性.在相同水质条件下,小麦根伸长抑制率比小麦种子发芽抑制率更显著,可以把小麦根伸长作为评价污水处理生态风险的敏感指标之一.