多孔生物质混凝土的制备及其对水环境影响的模拟试验

制备了木屑多孔生物质混凝土(PBC),并通过清水浸泡和浸泡液的种子发芽试验,考察PBC浸泡后孔隙率变化及其浸泡过程对水环境的影响.结果表明,以最大抗压强度和孔隙率为指标,PBC较佳配合比分别为水灰比[m(水):m(水泥)]、水泥用量w和木屑添加量w为0.55、15％、1.0％和0.60、5％、2.5％两组.PBC浸泡液的p(COD)、pH值和电导率(EC)在短时间内快速上升,浸泡40 d内的平均值分别为76.4 mg·L-1、9.93和4.4 mS·cm-1;同条件下普通多孔混凝土(PC)浸泡液的p(COD)平均仅为9.9mg·L-1,但其pH值和EC高于PBC.PBC和PC浸泡后孔隙率分别下降3.2和4.8百分点.种子发芽试验表明,PBC浸泡液对青菜种子发芽率无明显阻碍.分析认为,PBC能为水中微生物提供有效碳源,有利于降低水体pH值和EC,同时能有效减缓多孔混凝土的堵塞.     

UVR-induced toxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum L.

The depletion of the ozone layer and enhancement of solar radiation may exert an adverse influence on the ecosystem. Phototoxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to seedling was studied. Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were planted in sludge and PAHs (anthracene (An), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and pyrene (Py)) with and without UVR. Toxicity of sludge increased in the presence of UVR in wheat. UVB radiation was found to be more hazardous than UVA radiation. Results demonstrated that An, BaP and Py induced phototoxicity at various concentrations (1–10?µg/mL) under UVA (1.5?mW/cm²) or UVB (1.08?J/cm²) exposure. The pattern of phototoxicity was An?>?Py?>?BaP to shoot length, root length, and fresh weight; chlorophyll, protein content, enzyme activity of catalase and α-amylase were reduced while the activity of superoxide dismutase and starch was enhanced. Reduction in seedling growth and biochemical parameters may be related to less photosynthesis, less nutritional uptake, and distortion of root cap. Thus, the synergistic effect may be due to alterations in photosynthesis, phytohormones, or nutritional uptake.     

Modeling soil and plant phosphorus within DSSAT

The crop models in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) have served worldwide as a research tool for improving predictions of relationships between soil and plant nitrogen (N) and crop yield. However, without a phosphorus (P) simulation option, the applicability of the DSSAT crop models in P-deficient environments is limited. In this study, a soil-plant P model integrated to DSSAT was described, and results showing the ability of the model to mimic wide differences in maize responses to P in Ghana are presented as preliminary attempts to testing the model on highly weathered soils. The model simulates P transformations between soil inorganic labile, active and stable pools and soil organic microbial and stable pools. Plant growth is limited by P between two concentration thresholds that are species-specific optimum and minimum concentrations of P defined at different stages of plant growth. Phosphorus stress factors are computed to reduce photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning. Testing on two highly weathered soils from Ghana over a wide range of N and P fertilizer application rates indicated that the P model achieved good predictability skill at one site (Kpeve) with a final grain yield root mean squared error (RMSE) of 535 kg ha⁻¹and a final biomass RMSE of 507 kg ha⁻¹. At the other site (Wa), the RMSE was 474 kg ha⁻¹ for final grain yield and 1675 kg ha⁻¹ for final biomass. A local sensitivity analysis indicated that under P-limiting conditions and no P fertilizer application, crop biomass, grain yield, and P uptake could be increased by over 0.10% due to organic P mineralization resulting from a 1% increase in organic carbon. It was also shown that the modeling philosophy that makes P in a root-free zone unavailable to plants resulted in a better agreement of simulated crop biomass and grain yield with field measurements. Because the complex soil P chemistry makes the availability of P to plants extremely variable, testing under a wider range of agro-ecological conditions is needed to complement the initial evaluation presented here, and extend the use of the DSSAT-P model to other P-deficient environments.     

外来入侵植物簕仔树若干形态和生理生态特性

簕仔树Mimosa bimucronata在广东为外来入侵种,对其种子形态及生理、叶片生理生态特性进行测定,并与原产地（南美洲）和3种本地（中国广东）植物的相关指标对比,以了解其生态适应性。结果表明：种子长4.29mm,宽3.30mm,大小、含水量（6.23%～8.23%）与原产地的无显著差异;可溶性糖、氨基酸和蛋白质含量分别为32.00、8131.06和2487.04μg·g-1（以干质量计）。活种子比例98.89%～100.00%,萌发率仅32.80%;相对电导率5.35%～11.66%。叶片绿色度29.39,但叶绿素b含量高;对比本地植物,在低光照高湿度下,簕仔树净光合速率（以CO2计）1.339μmol·m-2·s-1低,呼吸速率（以CO2计）1.828μmol·m-2·s-1高,在测定时间内未检测出其蒸腾速率;生理生态指标的表现与阳性植物木荷Schima superba类似,而明显与耐荫植物阴香Cinnamomum burmannii幼苗和九节Psychotria rubra不同。利用其阳性植物特征,可进行遮蔽以减轻潜在的生态危害。     

稻田土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中全部存活种子的总和。稻田土壤种子库是地上杂草产生的根本来源。我国是一个水稻种植大国,目前关于稻田土壤种子库的研究还不够全面和深入。研究稻田土壤种子库对于防治稻田草害具有重要指导意义,同时也是种子库研究领域的一个重要补充。取样方法和取样时间是研究土壤种子库的关键所在。而萌发法是最常见的判定方法。关于稻田土壤种子库大小的结论相差很大,从103~105 m-2不等。稻田土壤种子库中的杂草主要有19科55种,一般的稻田可检出10科或20种左右。种子的垂直分布格局主要受耕作强度的影响。70%~80%甚至更多的杂草种子分布在0~10 cm。稻田土壤种子库由于萌发、捕食、衰老和种子散布等原因具有季节动态。轮作制度、耕作方式、不同施肥处理以及除草方式等对稻田土壤种子库有重要影响。连续多年的田间管理会使种子库的大小、分布和物种组成产生年际变化。目前,需要加强长期定位研究,扩大研究区域和研究内容,重点研究杂草种子的休眠萌发机制和种子命运研究,为杂草治理提供更准确的信息。     

沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨沼液对水稻早期萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以不同浓度沼液对日本晴水稻(Oryza sativa)种子浸种24 h后催芽,分析其种子萌发及幼苗生长情况.结果表明,2％沼液浸种可增加水稻幼苗根数和芽生物量,但降低了幼苗根生物量,该浓度沼液浸种对种子萌发率、萌发速率、幼苗芽长、茎粗及总根长没有显著影响(P＞0.05).更高浓度的沼液浸种对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生抑制作用.沼液浸种对根生物量的影响大于芽生物量,从而导致各浓度沼液处理组芽/根生物量比值均大于对照.对呼吸速率的分析结果进一步佐证了沼液处理对萌发后期水稻种子具有不利影响.建议水稻早期生产中慎用沼液.     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同地球化学背景下的土壤种子库的初步研究

采用野外取样和盆栽试验观察相结合的方法,对贵州茂兰3个不同岩性地球化学背景下森林的土壤中的种子进行萌发实验研究,结果表明:(1)贵州茂兰喀斯特森林的土壤中贮藏着丰富的种子,种子库储量在187.5-550粒/m2。(2)相对而言,纯灰岩的种子库储量最大,不纯碳酸盐岩的次之,纯白云岩的种子库储量最小;在垂直方向上,种子密度随着土壤深度的增加而减小。(3)土壤种子库中自然萌发的种子物种多样性指数为纯灰岩>纯白云岩>不纯碳酸盐岩。(4)从土壤种子库萌发的种子数量和组成成分方面来看,纯白云岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数>纯白云岩和纯灰岩之间的相似性系数>纯灰岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数。     

半封闭空间中水喷淋和泡沫灭火系统灭油池火实验研究

为了对比泡沫灭火系统和水喷淋灭火系统的灭火效率,采用装有400 mL汽油或柴油的280 mm×280 mm油盆模拟火源,分析了0.35,0.48和0.75 MPa压力下泡沫灭火系统和水喷淋灭火系统灭油池火的灭火时间、降温冷却效率及火焰面积。结果表明:泡沫灭火系统比水喷淋灭火系统灭油池火的效果更好,对汽油火的灭火时间比水喷淋灭火系统缩短了35.3%,压力对于灭火效率没有影响;柴油火的灭火效率随压力的增加而增加,不同压力下灭火时间比水喷淋灭火系统分别缩短了35.7%,42.9%和66.4%。     

水面LNG液池扩展模型的分析与对比研究

为了评价在开阔水面上的液化天然气（LNG）火灾和蒸气云爆炸灾害后果,分析了LNG水面扩展动态过程;对比分析了Fay模型、FERC模型和计算流体力学软件FLACS的计算结果,探讨了LNG液池面积随时间的动态变化过程,分析了泄漏量、泄漏速率等参数对LNG液池扩展半径的影响;根据液池扩展模型的计算结果,确定了LNG液池的最大面积,并以此分析了LNG流淌火灾的辐射危害。研究结果表明:对于相同的泄漏条件,3种方法模拟的泄漏LNG水面扩展动态过程相似,一般情况下,FLACS模型,FERC模型和Fay模型所计算的最大液池半径依次增大;由于FERC模型与FLACS软件的模拟结果接近且偏于保守,故此在一般的工程应用时,采用FERC模型即可方便快捷地获得较为准确的结果。