玉米种子的DNA指纹计算机化鉴定

对１２个优良玉米自效系的ＤＮＡ进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,共筛选了２５０个Ｏｐｅｒｏｎ引物,其中１２个引物共扩增出５９个多态性产物,根据这５９个多态性ＲＡＰＤ产物,对１２个自交系进行了聚类分析,把它们分为３个群,结果与根据系谱法的聚类结果一致。经过优选,用ＯＰＮ－１１扩增出的１１种ＤＮＡ带,建立了这１２个自交系的ＲＡＰＤ－ＤＮＡ指纹图谱。在该图谱呼弱个自交系都具有特异的ＤＮＡ指纹,可以与其它自效纱相区别。     

流化床反应器处理高浓度含氟废水的效率和稳定性

采用小试规模的流化床反应器处理氟质量浓度为500~1 400 mg/L的模拟高浓度含氟废水。以氟化钙颗粒为晶种,以氯化钙溶液为沉淀剂（流量25 L/h）,考察了流化床连续运行过程中沉淀除氟的效率和稳定性。实验结果表明：氟化钙的沉淀反应在30.7 s内即可完成;在废水流量为11~23 L/h、反应pH为7.0~9.0、上升流速为0.005 9~0.013 0 m/s、钙与氟的摩尔比为0.85~1.00的条件下,出水清液中氟质量浓度低于10 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）要求。连续运行过程中,流化床沉淀除氟高效稳定,操作条件范围较宽。流化床出水中细颗粒沉淀物的存在会导致氟浓度显著升高,应采取有效措施减少其产生或溢出,以保证沉淀除氟效率。     

航空煤油薄油层燃烧特性实验研究

为研究薄油层燃烧特性,开展航空煤油薄层油池火实验,分析油品燃烧的整个过程、燃烧速率、火焰高度和辐射反馈等参数随时间的变化规律。结果表明:整个薄层燃烧过程除发展、稳定和熄灭阶段外,还存在薄层燃烧衰减阶段。稳定阶段的燃烧速率与初始油层厚度相关,但随着厚度的增加其逐渐趋于稳定;薄层燃烧衰减阶段,燃烧速率会随着实时油层厚度的下降逐渐降低。对比火焰高度的实测值和模型预测值发现,Heskestad模型的预测更接近实际结果;燃烧发展阶段后,火焰辐射反馈基本维持稳定,受初始厚度的影响较小,但辐射透射强度会随着油层厚度的降低而增加,且增速逐渐加快,表明辐射透射在薄层燃烧衰退阶段中起到关键作用。结合辐射透射的变化规律,将辐射反馈分为可吸收和不可吸收2部分,并提出用于预测辐射透射大小的经验模型。     

Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas

Although humans are a major mechanism for short and long distance seed dispersal, there is limited research testing clothing as a vector. The effect of different types of material (sports vs hiking socks), or different items of clothing (boots, socks, laces vs legs) or the same item (socks) worn in different places on seed composition were assessed in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Data was analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA, independent and paired t-tests, Multi-dimensional Scaling Ordinations and Analysis of Similarity. A total of 24,776 seeds from 70 taxa were collected from the 207 pieces of clothing sampled, with seed identified from 31 native and 19 non-native species. Socks worn off-track collected more native seeds while those worn on roadsides collected more non-native seeds. Sports socks collected a greater diversity of seeds and more native seeds than hiking socks. Boots, uncovered socks and laces collect more seeds than covered socks and laces, resulting in 17% fewer seeds collected when wearing trousers. With seeds from over 179 species (134 recognized weeds) collected on clothing in this, and nine other studies, it is clear that clothing contributes to unintended human mediated seed dispersal, including for many invasive species.     

东南亚珠芽魔芋多苗接力生长特性及应用前景

以珠芽魔芋人工诱导开花进行规模化无性育种,可将魔芋繁殖系数从1位数提高约330倍;采用催苗技术让种子及叶面球茎提早出苗,可显著延长魔芋生长周期,使魔芋种植周期由3年缩短为1年;魔芋种子1年生长最高膨大率超过5000倍,当年即形成1180g球茎;魔芋叶面球茎最大膨大率超过100倍,两者种植一季魔芋即可用于加工.突破了魔芋繁殖系数低、膨大率低导致种植周期长的双重困局,显著降低了病害风险,大幅度缩短了魔芋种植周期,从而突破魔芋传统种植区域的地理限制,使魔芋总产量超常规增长.     

小麦籽实中蛋白质-Cd,Pb结合形态及其稳定性

在体外消化酶模拟条件下,对小麦籽实中Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ蛋白质结合体的稳定性进行了研究．结果表明:小麦籽实中存在的表观分子量为５４．５×１０３和５．５×１０３的蛋白质－Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ结合体,在体外胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后,蛋白质结构发生变化．特别是分子量为５４．５×１０３的Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ－蛋白质结合体不稳定,容易被胰蛋白酶分解,变成分子量为５．５×１０３的稳定的Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ－蛋白质结合体或更小的多肽．     

乙烯消减盐抑制苜蓿种子萌发的机理研究

0．25mol/L的NaCl胁迫下的苜蓿种子转变1－氨基环丙烷－1－羧酸（ACC）和乙烯利为乙烯的能力明显降低。加入外源乙烯能引发受NaCl胁迫48h的苜蓿种子迅速萌发,但对种子内的Na^ 含量无明显影响。在种子吸涨过程中,外源乙烯对受NaCl胁迫的种子的水分吸收也无影响。外源乙烯能显著地提高NaCl胁迫下种子的呼吸速率和ATP含量。对乙烯消减盐抑制苜蓿种子萌发的作用机理进行了讨论。图6表1参21     

Characterizing fish responses to a river restoration over 21 years based on species’ traits

Understanding restoration effectiveness is often impaired by a lack of high‐quality, long‐term monitoring data and, to date, few researchers have used species’ trait information to gain insight into the processes that drive the reaction of fish communities to restoration. We examined fish‐community responses with a highly resolved data set from 21 consecutive years of electrofishing (4 years prerestoration and 17 years postrestoration) at multiple restored and unrestored reaches from a river restoration project on the Lippe River, Germany. Fish abundance peaked in the third year after the restoration; abundance was 6 times higher than before the restoration. After 5–7 years, species richness and abundance stabilized at 2 and 3.5 times higher levels relative to the prerestoration level, respectively. However, interannual variability of species richness and abundance remained considerable, illustrating the challenge of reliably assessing restoration outcomes based on data from individual samplings, especially in the first years following restoration. Life‐history and reproduction‐related traits best explained differences in species’ responses to restoration. Opportunistic short‐lived species with early female maturity and multiple spawning runs per year exhibited the strongest increase in abundance, which reflected their ability to rapidly colonize new habitats. These often small‐bodied and fusiform fishes typically live in dynamic and ephemeral instream and floodplain areas that river‐habitat restorations often aim to create, and in this case their increases in abundance indicated successful restoration. Our results suggest that a greater consideration of species’ traits may enhance the causal understanding of community processes and the coupling of restoration to functional ecology. Trait‐based assessments of restoration outcomes would furthermore allow for easier transfer of knowledge across biogeographic borders than studies based on taxonomy.     

Functional nonredundancy of elephants in a disturbed tropical forest

Conservation efforts are often motivated by the threat of global extinction. Yet if conservationists had more information suggesting that extirpation of individual species could lead to undesirable ecological effects, they might more frequently attempt to protect or restore such species across their ranges even if they were not globally endangered. Scientists have seldom measured or quantitatively predicted the functional consequences of species loss, even for large, extinction‐prone species that theory suggests should be functionally unique. We measured the contribution of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to the dispersal of 3 large‐fruited species in a disturbed tropical moist forest and predicted the extent to which alternative dispersers could compensate for elephants in their absence. We created an empirical probability model with data on frugivory and seed dispersal from Buxa Tiger Reserve, India. These data were used to estimate the proportion of seeds consumed by elephants and other frugivores that survive handling and density‐dependent processes (Janzen‐Connell effects and conspecific intradung competition) and germinate. Without compensation, the number of seeds dispersed and surviving density‐dependent effects decreased 26% (Artocarpus chaplasha), 42% (Careya arborea), and 72% (Dillenia indica) when elephants were absent from the ecosystem. Compensatory fruit removal by other animals substantially ameliorated these losses. For instance, reductions in successful dispersal of D. indica were as low as 23% when gaur (Bos gaurus) persisted, but median dispersal distance still declined from 30% (C. arborea) to 90% (A. chaplasha) without elephants. Our results support the theory that the largest animal species in an ecosystem have nonredundant ecological functionality and that their extirpation is likely to lead to the deterioration of ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. This effect is likely accentuated by the overall defaunation of many tropical systems.     

Multiple pool fires: Occurrence,simulation, modeling and management

When two or more pool fires burn in such close proximity of one another that they can influence each other, they are termed ‘multiple pool fires’ (MPF). The characteristics and the structure of MPFs are significantly different from that of stand-alone pool fires. Even though MPFs have known to occur fairly often in chemical process industries, much lesser work has been done towards simulation, modeling and control of MPFs as compared to stand-alone pool fires.This paper is perhaps the first-ever attempt at surveying the MPF state-of-the-art. It recounts MPF accidents and catalogs the controlled experiments that have been done to understand the mechanism and impact of MPFs. Attempts to model MPFs have been assessed and possible ways to manage MPFs have been touched upon.