海菜花种子的萌发实验研究

为探讨通过种子繁殖恢复重建洱海湖滨带海菜花群落的可能性,开展了室外模拟与室内实验,研究了冷藏、双氧水浸泡、自然状态等3种前处理及水深、基质、温度、光照周期的交互作用对海菜花种子萌发的影响.结果表明：不同前处理、基质对海菜花种子萌发不产生影响,水深、温度、光照周期均对海菜花种子萌发有显著影响.海菜花种子萌发最适宜温度为30℃,最适宜光照周期为Light/Dark=24 h/0 h,最适宜水深为30 em～90cm.自然条件下,受风浪、水体透明度及物种竞争等因素的影响,不宜通过直接抛洒种子恢复重建海菜花群落.     

有机无机肥长期配施对果园土壤碳库及温室气体排放的影响

有机肥的施用可以提高土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,在改善土壤质量,提升土壤肥力方面有重要意义.设4个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施有机肥（M）、单施化肥（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（MNPK）,研究长期有机无机配施下土壤有机碳和其活性组分含量变化,分析不同施肥措施对温室气体排放的影响,并评估了土壤碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明,与CK处理相比,MNPK处理的土壤总有机碳（TOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量分别增加了82.84%、66.30%、21.12%、93.28%和145.80%.NPK处理对土壤总有机碳和有机碳组分含量无显著差异.有机无机配施有利于提高土壤碳库活度指数（LI）、土壤碳库指数（CPI）和土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）,LI和CPI的增加是CPMI增加的主要原因.相关分析表明土壤有机碳组分和CPMI与温室气体排放呈显著正相关关系;有机无机配施增加了CO₂累积排放量和增温潜势（GWP）,但却能够降低温室气体排放强度（GHGI）;MNPK处理产量最高,为56365 kg ·hm^-2,较CK处理（29073 kg ·hm^-2）提高了93.87%.因此,旱地苹果园有机无机肥配施,可促进有机碳的累积,稳定土壤碳库,更有利于果园的可持续发展.     

增温施肥对稻麦农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

农田是重要的陆地生态系统土壤碳库和作物生长的有机养分库.为明确气候变暖对稻麦轮作农田土壤碳库的影响,利用田间开放式增温平台,分析了增温、施肥和其交互作用对土壤有机碳和其活性组分的影响,并评估了土壤碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明,增温、施肥对土壤有机碳含量和其活性有机碳组分的影响均无显著交互作用.增温增加了土壤有机碳含量,且总有机碳(TOC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)含量差异显著.与不增温对照相比,增温处理的TOC、 ROC和活性有机碳(LOC)含量分别增加了7.72%、7.42%和10.11%.土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量的增加(20.4%)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的降低(36.51%)可能是增温下土壤有机碳含量变化的主要原因.增温对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量无显著影响,但显著降低了其可溶性微生物副产物组分含量(41.89%).结果同时表明,施肥对土壤有机碳含量均无显著影响,但显著降低了活性碳组分的DOC和POC含量,增加了MBC含量.与不施肥对照相比,施肥处理的土壤DOC和POC含量分别降低了35.44%和28.33%,MBC含量增加了33.38%.此外,施肥有增加可溶性有机物中人为...     

微塑料与铅复合污染对玉米种子萌发与生长的影响

为探明微塑料和重金属复合污染对作物种子萌发与生长的影响,以玉米种子为对象,探究了铅(Pb)和3种微塑料[聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)]不同单一及复合浓度暴露对玉米种子萌发及其生长的影响.结果表明,Pb单一暴露对玉米种子发芽的抑制总体上随其浓度的升高而增强;与CK相比,500、 1 000和1 500 mg·L^-1PE暴露显著抑制玉米种子发芽,100 mg·L^-1和300 mg·L^-1暴露影响不显著(第5 d除外);所有PP浓度暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽;相比PP和PE,PVC单一暴露对玉米发芽抑制较轻.Pb和3种微塑料复合暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽,随着时间的增长,抑制逐渐减弱.玉米种子的发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数均随着Pb及3种微塑料单一暴露浓度升高而减小,且在Pb和PE复合暴露下较CK显著减小,但在Pb和PP、 Pb和PVC复合暴露下均无显著变化;3种微塑料中,PVC对玉米种子活力影响相对最轻.10 mg·L^-1Pb和100 mg·L^-1的3种微塑料单...     

Governance of seed and food security through participatory plant breeding: Empirical evidence and gender analysis from Syria

This paper presents the findings of a study on the governance of seed conducted in the framework of a participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme, based on a multi‐year inquiry with a panel of ten Syrian households. The study assessed the interactions between governance regimes regulating the rights to access and control genetic resources at international and national level, compared to the actual ability of the respondent women farmers to access and control the seed of varieties they co‐developed with the PPB programme. The paper argues that gender equal access to seed can “optimally” contribute to enhancing household food security in small scale farming. The paper also argues that to support a gender‐equal access to seed in the respondent households legislation needs to explicitly protect the rights of women farmers to access and share the benefits of genetic material and draw from empirical evidence of the actual access to and control of seed at ground level.     

Sowing the seeds of resilience: a case study of community-based Indigenous seed conservation from Andhra Pradesh,India

ABSTRACT

Despite increasing evidence of threats to Indigenous food systems, many Indigenous communities are innovating to enhance their resilience while conserving and promoting their traditional food systems, offering important lessons for rural development policy. This community-based case study explores one such Indigenous initiative: Sanjeevini, in Andhra Pradesh, India. Sanjeevini has been effective in designing and implementing creative strategies for seed sovereignty and biocultural conservation. Interviews with key persons associated with Sanjeevini (n?=?8) and participatory field-research in the Araku Valley region, including interviews with small scale farmers (n?=?30), revealed community development strategies emphasising a link between biological and cultural heritage in Indigenous food systems. These include hosting cultural seed festivals, establishing and maintaining community-based seed banks, and facilitating inter-community seed exchanges. Importantly, these strategies take place against a backdrop of community-organising that counteracts the dominant neo-liberal development agenda while resisting deforestation that threatens Indigenous livelihoods. Sanjeevini’s success demonstrates that through the adaptive assertion of self-determination, rural social change is possible. This paper highlights alternative, community-driven articulations of seed sovereignty while underscoring the significance of this community’s own vision in guiding rural innovation and offering promising working models for cultivating rural resilience.     

Evolution of Sustainable Carbon Cycling Processes in China

Abstract

This report summarizes the surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by RCEES. The first part of this report deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historical evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. The second part covers the modeling of carbon dynamics, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.     

Characterization of particulate products for aging of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosol in the presence of ammonium sulfate seed aerosol

Aging of secondary organic aerosol(SOA) particles formed from OH– initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of high mass(100–300 μg/m~3) concentrations of(NH_4)_2SO_4seed aerosol was investigated in a home-made smog chamber in this study.The chemical composition of aged ethylbenzene SOA particles was measured using an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer(ALTOFMS) coupled with a Fuzzy C-Means(FCM) clustering algorithm.Experimental results showed that nitrophenol,ethyl-nitrophenol,2,4-dinitrophenol,methyl glyoxylic acid,5-ethyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoic acid,2-ethyl-2,4-hexadiendioic acid,2,3-dihydroxy-5-ethyl-6-oxo-4-hexenoic acid,1H-imidazole,hydrated N-glyoxal substituted1H-imidazole,hydrated glyoxal dimer substituted imidazole,1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde,N-glyoxal substituted hydrated 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde and high-molecular-weight(HMW) components were the predominant products in the aged particles.Compared to the previous aromatic SOA aging studies,imidazole compounds,which can absorb solar radiation effectively,were newly detected in aged ethylbenzene SOA in the presence of high concentrations of(NH_4)_2SO_4seed aerosol.These findings provide new information for discussing aromatic SOA aging mechanisms.     

Preliminary study on treatment of waste organic matter from livestock by bacteria-mineral technology

The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology.An inverse correlation was found between the protein,lipid,and some of the humification indices considered,suggesting that the humification theory is actually humic substances produced from simple-structured natural organic substrates.Weight-average molecular weight (Mw),number-average molecular weight(Mn),and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters at difierent stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography.The results showed that Mn and Mw increased with reaction time from 352 to 17,191,and from 78,707 to 104,564,respectively.The ratio of Mn/Mw decreased from 223.3 to 6.1.This reflected the growth of the polymerization degree of dissolvable organic matters in the process;furthermore,it indicated the formation of complex molecules (humic substances) from more simple molecules.Bacteria-mineral water(BMW) (the effluent of the process) treatments can exert hormone-like activity for enhanced seed germination of wheat and rice and greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice leaves.Major polyamines (plant regulators) putrescine,spermidine,and spermine,were found in BMW by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method,which may explain the hormone-like activity of BMW.     

Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water

We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 12.70-41.74, 6.72-29.19, 1.12-11.75, 0.63-3.55 and 0.08-3.40 μg/L, respectively, whereas those in swimming pool water were 26.15-65.09, 9.50-36.97, 8.90-18.01, 5.19-22.78 and ND-6.56 μg/L, respectively. It implied that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than those in tap water, particularly, brominated-THMs. Both tap water and swimming pool water contained concentrations of total THMs below the standards of the World Health Organization （WHO）, European Union （EU） and the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） phase Ⅰ, but 1 out of 60 tap water samples and 60 out of 72 swimming pool water samples contained those over the Standard of the USEPA phase Ⅱ. From the two cases of cancer risk assessment including Case Ⅰ Non-Swimmer and Case Ⅱ Swimmer, assessment of cancer risk of nonswimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 4.43×10^-5 and 2.19×10^-5, respectively, which can be classified as acceptable risk according to the Standard of USEPA. Assessment of cancer risk of swimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 1.47×10^-3 and 7.99×10^-4, respectively, which can be classified as unacceptable risk and needs to be improved. Risk of THMs exposure from swimming was 93.9%-94.2% of the total risk. Cancer risk of THMs concluded from various routes in descending order was： skin exposure while swimming, gastro-intestinal exposure from tap water intake, and skin exposure to tap water and gastro-intestinal exposure while swimming. Cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total cancer risk.