环境监测综合业务平台建设的启示 ——以南通市为例

从南通市环境监测综合业务平台建设的系统管理员的视角入手,对平台建设中的经验进行了总结,主要有明确了清晰的工作流程、具备了较高的自动化程度、监测数据的直观展示、保证平台项目的实施人员、多层次的全员培训、完善硬件配套和保障等;同时也对平台建设中存在的问题进行了剖析,主要有平台建设合同过于宏大、平台建设应寻求合适的系统开发方合作、平台建设应形成共识统一思想、平台建设需求应适当"固化"等;全面总结平台建设相关经验教训,南通市环境监测综合业务平台的建设必然会继续前行.     

关于委托社会检测机构试行情况的调查与研究

环境监测服务社会化是环保体制机制改革创新的重要内容,余杭区通过严把检测机构准入关,严审监测方案可行性,严查监测过程规范性,严格检测机构监督考核等多项政策,对社会检测机构进行监督规范,从而为政府决策提供参考、为监督考核提供依据、为社会检测机构提供技术指导,满足了社会对检测的现实需求.为了进一步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策,建议建立诚信制度,切实提高建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策的公正性;完善监管机制,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策有效实施;加强人员培训,逐步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策;规范收费制度,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策稳定实施.     

滨海陆地生态系统净化功能与价值评估——以黄骅市为例

以生态系统对环境净化的贡献为出发点,将滨海陆地生态系统净化功能价值界定为净化污染物功能价值与大气调节功能价值的总和,选取释放O2、固定CO2、净化硫化物、净化氮氧化物、净化氟化物和滞尘6大生态功能为评价指标,建立滨海陆地生态系统净化价值评估模型,以黄骅市为研究区,运用市场价值法和影子价格法对黄骅市农田、园地、草地和湿地等9类生态系统的净化价值进行评估.结果表明,黄骅市滨海陆地生态系统净化环境价值较大,总价值约为163 454万元;单位面积土地各类净化功能价值由大到小依次为释放O2价值、固定CO2价值和净化污染物价值;从各生态系统类型的单位面积净化功能价值来看,农田、园地、草地和盐碱地的释放O2功能净化价值较高,约0.67元·m-2;盐田固定CO2功能的单位面积净化价值最低,为0.01元·m-2.     

The bright side of emotional labor

Emotional labor (expressing emotions as part of one's job duties, as in “service with a smile”) can be beneficial for employees, organizations, and customers. Meta‐analytical summaries reveal that deep acting (summoning up the appropriate feelings one wants to display) generally has positive outcomes. Unlike surface acting (faking emotions), deep acting does not harm employee well‐being, and deep acting is positively related with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance, and customer satisfaction. Emerging research also suggests that a third form of emotional labor, natural and genuine emotional labor, is a frequently used emotional labor strategy that has positive effects for both employees and customers. We examine how identity processes shape how employees experience emotional labor, and we maintain that when employees identify with their roles, emotional labor augments and affirms their identity. Person‐job fit is an important moderator that influences whether emotional labor enhances or hinders employee well‐being. Emotional labor may also have positive outcomes when organizations grant more autonomy and adopt positive display rules that call for the expression of positive emotions. Recent research also indicates that emotional labor strategies may improve leadership effectiveness. Research opportunities on the bright side of emotional labor are abundant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在役化工装置安全评价指标体系构建方法的探讨

分析当前在役化工装置安全评价指标体系建立中存在的问题,提出"从风险分析到措施"的建立安全现状评价指标体系的新思路。探讨综合应用事故树分析法、层次分析法等方法并建立安全评价指标体系及确定指标权重的具体方法,使评价指标的建立及指标权重的确定更具有科学性。通过具体的化工装置安全评价指标建立及其权重确定的过程,介绍该方法的具体应用,不仅适用于在役化工装置的安全评价,也适用于其他系统的安全现状评价。该评价指标体系既能查找出装置中存在的具体安全隐患,也能给出装置总体安全性评价结论。     

土地要素部门间流动对农业环境的影响

本文运用时间系列的省级数据,采用数理统计法和生态系统服务价值评估法分析了土地要素在农业与非农部门之间流动对我国环境可持续性的影响.分析表明:近几十年来土地要索在农业与非农部门之间的流动可从三个方面影响农业环境:首先,在粮食自给率不变的条件下,耕地数量的减少使得农地利用强度加大,而过离的农业外部投入成为一大污染源;其次,非农地向农地的转化降低耕地的总体质量,并使生态系统服务功能整体下降;再次,土地在农业与非农业部门之间的这种双向流动,即农转非和非转农促使我国粮食生产重心转向生态脆弱地区,可能导致环境隐患.据此,文章认为:单纯平衡耕地数量的政策将会给环境可持续性带来不确定性.未来的土地利用和政策必须考虑环境因素,土地要素在农业与非农业部门之间流动时的价格要能够反映农业的多功能性和正外部性.     

Modelling interactions between scavenger behaviour and farming practices: Impacts on scavenger population and ecosystem service efficiency

Long term conservation of ecosystem services requires a deep understanding of their basic processes and the development of tools to assess the effects of human practices on their efficiency. As an example of recycling service, we focus on the consumption of livestock carcasses by obligate scavengers, taking the case of vultures which face a dramatic decline worldwide. We investigate whether maintaining this recycling service through individual feeding stations called light feeding stations in contrast to aggregated resource on heavy feeding stations can meet the double objectives of vulture conservation and service efficiency. We built a spatially explicit multi-agent model to investigate the long term effects of livestock farmers practices on both the recycling service efficiency for farmers and vulture population carrying capacity including: (i) carcass disposal practices that drive the quantity and spatial distribution of resources for vultures and (ii) temporal distribution of livestock mortality due to economic choices that drive the dynamics of resources for vultures. In addition, we examine various scenarios related to vulture feeding behaviour - i.e. central place vs. random foraging and contest vs. scramble intraspecific competition - that may play a role in the vulture carrying capacity and recycling service efficiency. When accounting for vulture central place foraging, we found that favouring the use of light feeding stations instead of heavy feeding station does not affect vulture population carrying capacity and increases the number of farmer for which vulture service is optimal. The increase of light feeding station users poorly affects the number of farmers for which vulture service is optimal in contrast to results obtained with a vulture random foraging behaviour. Both of the recycling service efficiency and the vulture carrying capacity vary with the kind of intraspecific competition and with the seasonal distribution of livestock mortality. Livestock mortality distributions with a seasonal peak of mortality result in a mismatch between vulture food requirement and farmers needs for carcass removal. Finally we raise several points on the relevance of light feeding stations as a sustainable management for vulture conservation and for the recycling service and discuss the potential implications of seasonal scarcity of resources due to farming economic constraints.     

求木之长先固本 欲流之远须浚源——环境科技支撑为更好环境管理服务的思考

回顾了云南省40年的环境科技工作,分析了存在的不足,提出了为环境管理提供支撑的改进措施。     

池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值的实证研究

生态服务价值的评估对于研究人员、政策制定者和公众都有重大意义,而农业生态系统价值往往集中于食物的供给价值,而生态系统的调控服务价值、支持服务价值和文化服务价值往往被忽略。空气调控服务属于生态系统调控服务中的一种,通过按季度检测池塘养殖水体的叶绿素a含量,计算养殖池塘的初级生产力,再以工业制氧法、碳税法和造林成本法估算了常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值。结果表明：常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总价值为63 42248 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。考虑到系统内部耗氧和向系统外释放含碳气体导致的价值损失,常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总净价值为28 88674 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,其中固碳净价值为 25 46328 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,释放氧气的净价值为3 42346 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。相较44 0221 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2的池塘养殖水产品的市场价值,空气调节服务价值超过养殖水产品市场价值的一半以上,表明池塘养殖的生态服务价值对人类社会的贡献不可忽视。研究认为,由于池塘藻类的高增长率,常规水产池塘养殖系统空气调节服务价值高于一些种植业生态系统的空气调节服务价值。     

Can market-based policies accomplish the optimal floodplain management? A gap between static and dynamic models

The purpose of this short article is to set static and dynamic models for optimal floodplain management and to compare policy implications from the models. River floodplains are important multiple resources in that they provide various ecosystem services. It is fundamentally significant to consider environmental externalities that accrue from ecosystem services of natural floodplains. There is an interesting gap between static and dynamic models about policy implications for floodplain management, although they are based on the same assumptions. Essentially, we can derive the same optimal conditions, which imply that the marginal benefits must equal the sum of the marginal costs and the social external costs related to ecosystem services. Thus, we have to internalise the external costs by market-based policies. In this respect, market-based policies seem to be effective in a static model. However, they are not sufficient in the context of a dynamic model because the optimal steady state turns out to be unstable. Based on a dynamic model, we need more coercive regulation policies.