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401.
Over the course of the last two decades there has been a recurring theme among proponents of the National Park Service mission
that politics has undermined the day-to-day goals of the Service. With the increased politization of the Park Service, two
recent proposals have called for removal of the NPS from the Department of the Interior and call for it to become an independent
body along the lines of other government entities such as the Smithsonian Institution. This article reviews these proposals
and suggests that in the long run removal from the Department of the Interior will not solve the problems of the NPS and may
well accelerate them. 相似文献
402.
本文系统分析和总结了美国在洪泛平原管理中的经验教训,研究了减灾措施、行为反应及国家长期减灾目标等方面的内容,从综合的角度提出了统一的国家减灾计划。 相似文献
403.
Resource inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs in national parks combine multiple objectives in order to create a plan of
action over a finite time horizon. Because all program activities are constrained by time and money, it is critical to plan
I&M activities that make the best use of available agency resources. However, multiple objectives complicate a relatively
straightforward allocation process. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) offers a structure for multiobjective decision making
so that decision-makers’ preferences can be formally incorporated in seeking potential solutions. Within the AHP, inventory
and monitoring program objectives and decision criteria are organized into a hierarchy. Pairwise comparisons among decision
elements at any level of the hierarchy provide a ratio scale ranking of those elements. The resulting priority values for
all projects are used as each project’s contribution to the value of an overall I&M program. These priorities, along with
budget and personnel constraints, are formulated as a zero/one integer programming problem that can be solved to select those
projects that produce the best program. An extensive example illustrates how this approach is being applied to I&M projects
in national parks in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The proposed planning process provides an analytical
framework for multicriteria decisionmaking that is rational, consistent, explicit, and defensible. 相似文献
404.
Ecotourism,sustainable development,and conservation education: Development of a tour guide training program in Tortuguero,Costa Rica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A tour guide training program was developed for rural communities near Costa Rica's Tortuguero National Park to respond to
the impacts of the 24-fold increase in park visitation in the past decade, to involve local communities in resource management,
and to provide regional environmental education. The development of the training course involved a survey of scientists and
park managers to ascertain resource management needs, priorities for information to be disseminated, and impacts of tourism
on the resource base. Current and potential tour guides were surveyed to identify their information needs, solicit their input
in the training program, and to determine their knowledge and skills. Written questionnaires were developed and given to 400
tourists to determine their activities and environmental information needs, and hotel owners were censused to examine the
economic feasibility of a local guide program. A pilot training course and guide program involving 12 Tortuguero residents
demonstrated that a tour guide program: (1) helped mitigate negative tourism impacts on Tortuguero National Park's natural
resources, particularly by regulating tourists on the park's 35-km beach used for nesting by endangered sea turtles; (2) provided
environmental education to an important segment of the local community not traditionally reached through school or government
development projects; (3) provided environmental information to tourists, thus enhancing their visit; and (4) provided local
economic benefits through lucrative part-time employment, thereby allowing local people to participate more fully in the tourism
system. An extended training course is being planned to provide further environmental education programming and to increase
year-round employment opportunities for the tour guides. 相似文献
405.
Sümer Gülez 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):355-362
National park plans are mainly prepared by a central planning team of the National Parks of Turkey. In this article, a model
is presented that proposes a different approach to preparing national park plans. The study is based on a questionnaire distributed
among the residents of the villages just outside a selected national park in Turkey and the relevant local and general authorities
who are interested in the national park in their region, to find out the effect of public opinion on national park planning.
Four basic strategies that represent the four main alternative approaches to forming policies in the planning of the park
were identified. Respondents were asked to choose one and to suggest their own ideas. As this is a first attempt of such a
study in Turkey, the results of the survey have been very encouraging. Therefore, this paper suggests that the assessment
of public opinion should be borne in mind throughout the planning process in Turkey. 相似文献
406.
Natural areas of national parks constitute unique ecological and aesthetic resources. Since the inception of national parks, it has been apparent that they are susceptible to threats that result in significant change and damage. Today, major issues concerning management of parks relate to questions of expanded visitor use and what types of facilities are to be deemed appropriate, that is, the dilemma of preservation versus use. In the United States of America, resolution of this dilemma must, strictly speaking, be based upon intent and meaning of Congressional legislation. The traditional interpretation of legislation in the U.S. has been to provide for a balance of use and preservation. However, extensive review of the literature of national park policy reveals a remarkable lack of elaboration and clarification of legislative meaning. Based upon a critical analysis of pertinent legislation, which has heretofore been ignored, we provide an interpretation of legislative meaning which strongly supports a policy of preservation of park resources. 相似文献
407.
Stephen R. Kessell Meredith W. Potter Collin D. Bevins Larry Bradshaw Bruhe W. Jeske 《Environmental management》1978,2(4):347-363
Recent advances in fire modeling permit quantitative estimations of fire behavior from quantitative inputs that describe the fuel array and conditions, such as weather and site data, under which it will burn. This paper describes the collection, analysis, and stratification of flammable forest fuels data for coniferous forest ecosystems in Montana and then illustrates the resource management application of these data in three areas: the development of the fire behavior model, a determination of the model's sensitivity to input errors as reflected by fire behavior prediction errors, and the development of a fire hazard simulator (TAROT). A new integrated stand simulator, GANDALF, is highlighted.Conclusions center on the need to integrate fire management into the land management planning decision-making process.This work was supported by a USDI National Park Service contract to Gradient Modeling, Inc., a nonprofit research foundation devoted to ecologic research and resource management applications, and by cooperative aid agreements between Gradient Modeling, Inc. and the USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Northern Forest Fire Laboratory (Fire in Multiple Use Management, R, D, and A Program). 相似文献
408.
Recreational use of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has increased remarkably during recent years. To better manage the stream resource for visitor needs and at the same time preserve it for future generations, a user study was initiated in 1978. Use patterns, both spatial and temporal, and possible accompanying ecological impacts at three streams were investigated. Sampling was conducted at several sites per stream. The findings indicated that use was concentrated during afternoons and at certain streams and study sites. In addition, different types of users partitioned the streams according to stream morphology (form or structure of pools, riffles, etc.). Major impacts observed were soil compaction and erosion along the streambanks and physical disturbance of the stream bottoms by moving and placing stones to construct dams and raceways. 相似文献
409.
The tallgrass prairie version of the ELM Grassland Model was used to evaluate the potential impact of establishing a tallgrass prairie National Park in the Flint Hills region of Kansas. This total ecosystem model simulates (a) the flow of water, heat, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the ecosystem and(b) the biomass dynamics of plants and consumers. It was specifically developed to study the effects of levels and types of herbivory, climatic variation, and fertilization upon grassland ecosystems. The model was used to simulate the impact of building up herds of bison, elk, antelope, and wolves on a tallgrass prairie. The results show that the grazing levels in the park should not be decreased below the prepark grazing levels (moderate grazing with cattle) and that the final grazing levels in the park could be maintained at a slightly higher level than the prepark grazing levels. 相似文献
410.
Water quality criteria were developed for delivery waters to Everglades National Park. The park receives a minimum of 12.34 m3/sec (315,000 acre-ft/yr) of water from controlled sources external to its boundary. These waters often originate from areas that are or potentially are impacted from urban and agricultural developments. When, in 1970, the U.S. Congress guaranteed minimum water deliveries to Everglades National Park, it also required that these waters be of good quality.The Everglades National Park water quality data base was analyzed from 1970 to 1978 at both in-park and water delivery sites to determine the current level of delivery water quality and to select representative delivery sites. It was found that current delivery water quality was sufficiently high to be adopted as criteria against which future water quality could be compared. From the delivery sites S-12C and L-67A all data were combined from 1970–1978 for 36 parameters including macronutrients, heavy metals, and field parameters such as DO, pH, and specific conductance. Mean concentrations and upper limits were computed and tabulated for comparison during future monitoring programs. These criteria were subsequently adopted through a joint memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. National Park Service. 相似文献