Long-term dynamics of radioactive <Superscript>90</Superscript>Sr and <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs contamination of small mammals in the Chernobyl zone

Between 1986 and 1994, a decrease in nonalimentary ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs intake and changes in the accessibility of radionuclides in the soil-plant link of their cycle resulted in a 10-to 100-fold decrease in their specific activity (SA) in the bodies of small mammals inhabiting the Chernobyl zone, and a similar decrease was observed in the radionuclide transition factor (TF) in the soil-animal chain. Between 1995 and 2005, no consistent increase or decrease in SA or TF could be revealed against the background of a combined effect of different physicochemical and ecological factors. It is suggested that subsequent changes in the level of radioactive contamination of small mammals will generally reflect only the dynamics of physical ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs decay, but, nevertheless, seasonal and local variations in this level will be significant.     

The Economic and Environmental Outcomes of Microfinance Projects: An Indian Case Study

Microfinance projects now seek to achieve improvement in environmental quality in addition to poverty alleviation. Achievement of these goals may depend upon the economic and environmental impact of microfinance businesses. This study is a quantitative analysis of these outcomes for Ecodevelopment, an Indian microfinance project, which aims to prevent forest degradation by poverty alleviation. The study divides businesses into perishable goods, non-perishable goods, simple skills, and special skills and measures their economic outcome by two indicators, repayment percentage and continuity of businesses. The study examines the effect of loan amount on the economic outcome of businesses. To quantify the environmental outcome, it analyzes the use of firewood or fodder and release of pollutants by businesses. The results show that loan amount does not affect the economic outcome, special skills have best performance, and skills cause less pressure on forest resources. These results suggest the need for development of knowledge-intensive skills, involvement of institutions in the operations of business, and inclusive policies for protected area management.     

云南省旅游小镇建设初步研究

旅游小镇建设将有力促进云南省城市化水平的提高，促进云南旅游业提质增效，促进农村发展中一系列深层次矛盾的解决。云南省旅游小镇建设应坚持政府引导、市场导向、突出特色、强化主题、尊重自然、延续文脉、资源整合、塑造品牌、功能完善、设施配套、保护优先、持续发展的原则，妥善解决规划编制、资金筹集、管理体制等关键问题。     

大春河小流域综合治理措施及成效

大春河小流域水土保持综合治理成效显著,是一个高标准、大规模、好效益的集综合防治、科技推广、试验示范于一体的"精品小流域",为水土流失综合治理与农业产业结构调整起了很好的示范作用。     

Analysis of Local Dandelion (Taraxacum officinales.l.) Cenopopulations from Radioactively Contaminated Zones

Local dandelion (Taraxacum officinales.l.) populations were studied in the areas of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace and the floodplain of the Techa River in its upper reaches. In impact plots, the density of soil and plant cover contamination with ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs exceeded the background level by factors of 13–440 and 2–500, respectively; the radiation load exceeded the background level by factors of 1.5 to 45. The seed progeny of plants from these plots was characterized by a high proportion of abnormal seedlings and an increased level of chromosome aberrations in meristem cells. In some years, variation in the seedling viability, growth rate, and developmental rate in these plots exceeded the reaction norm of plants from the background plot, demonstrating both stimulation and inhibition of growth processes. The response of seeds to acute irradiation at high challenging doses varied depending on the level of background radiation in the plots.     

黄土丘陵区小流域生态经济系统健康评价

建立健康的流域生态系统是恢复退化的生态系统、实现黄土高原山川秀美的目标。论文以安塞纸坊沟小流域为对象,利用层次分析法,选取林草覆盖度、基本农田面积、土壤抗冲性、土壤有机质含量、农业产投比、粮食单产、人均纯收入和综合治理减沙效率等反映流域生态经济系统功能评价指标,定量分析了黄土丘陵区安塞纸坊沟小流域进行水土保持型生态农业的建设中生态系统恢复的过程。研究表明,该小流域经过近20年治理,经历了起始恢复、稳定发展阶段,开始进入良性循环。其健康指数由1985年的0.178增加到1999年的0.707。研究中首次引入土壤抗冲性和有机质指标,并在评价中对生态系统恢复不同阶段给予各指标不同权重值,对方法进行了改进。     

深圳市开展创建"全国环境优美乡镇"工作评析

国家环境保护总局号召开展的创建"全国环境优美乡镇"工作,是改善区域环境质量的重要手段,是加强生态保护的重要载体.深圳市环境保护局高度重视并积极组织开展创建活动,通过采取组织发动,积极引导,分解任务,责令进行污染整治,敦促生态建设等系列措施,使葵涌等8个镇获"全国环境优美乡镇"称号,占全国总数的近1/5.创建工作已在提高环境意识、加快基础设施建设、加强环保基层队伍建设、开展清洁生产、促进招商引资等方面取得成效,为促进地方经济社会与环境保护协调,全面、可持续发展发挥了重要作用.      

The adoption of green business practices among small US Midwestern manufacturing enterprises

Manufacturers around the world green their businesses for a variety of reasons, including competitiveness, social responsibility, and external stakeholder pressure. However, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are thought to lag behind larger ones in the adoption of green business practices. This paper explores the motivations for US Midwestern SMEs adopting a variety of green business practices, using a survey of 59 SMEs in the tool and die manufacturing industry. The majority of firms appear to be internally motivated to implement green practices – driven primarily by cost and competitiveness concerns, more than by social responsibility concerns. External coercive pressure from government or customers does not appear to be a significant motivation for these SMEs. However, informal pressure through government incentives and support programs, as well as mimetic pressure through peer learning via industry associations, appear to be more effective in helping these SMEs to further ‘go green.’     

一种应用于不均衡小样本集的石化设备故障智能诊断方法

针对实际生产中,石化设备故障呈现出“不均衡小样本”特性,致使传统诊断模型适用性不足,准确率低下这一问题,基于一类支持向量机(One-Class SVM)和遗传算法优化的支持向量机(GA-SVM),提出一种分步诊断策略。利用One-Class SVM构建超球诊断模型,可在没有任何故障先例的前提下实现异常状态辨识和未知故障甄别,提升算法对不均衡监测数据(正常样本数量远超故障样本数量)的适用性;利用GA-SVM,针对小样本故障数据集构建并优化智能诊断模型,判别故障模式,降低算法对大量有标签故障样本的依赖。故障诊断实验结果表明,该方法能够在不均衡小样本场景中显著降低漏报率、误报率和误诊率,对实验数据和工程数据的诊断准确率分别达99%和100%。     

农村居民点多功能空间格局与协调性优化模式

随着城乡融合发展和农户需求的不断提高,探讨农村居民点多功能及其协调关系,是推进农村人居环境整治和乡村振兴的重要依据。以山东省王村镇为例,基于“识别—诊断—优化”的逻辑思路,从生活—生产—生态角度构建农村居民点多功能评价指标体系,利用空间自相关、协调度和障碍诊断等模型,剖析农村居民点多功能空间格局、协调关系及其障碍因子,进而提出农村居民点多功能提升与协调的优化模式。研究发现：（1）王村镇农村居民点总体上呈现出“生产功能较好,生活功能一般,生态功能较差”的特征,且不同功能具有显著的空间异质性;（2）王村镇农村居民点“三生”功能整体协调性相对较高,但协调类型存在明显的复杂性和不均衡性;（3）王村镇农村居民点“三生”功能协调性障碍因素表现为大体相似且个别村庄无障碍性,用地强度、交通条件、资源禀赋、基础设施建设和生态环境状况是农村居民点多功能高强度协调的主要障碍因素;（4）基于障碍因子组合提出的农村居民点多功能协调性优化模式,为可持续性乡村发展提供理论借鉴。