Can Forest-protection carbon projects improve rural livelihoods? Analysis of the Noel Kempff Mercado climate action project,Bolivia

We studied the Noel KempffMercado Climate Action Project (NKMCAP),Bolivia, to assess whether forestprotection carbon (C) projects cansignificantly benefit local people. Wehypothesized that forest protection canonly securely deliver C if significantstakeholders are meaningfully andtransparently involved, traditional orcustomary rights are recognized and theirloss compensated for, and there are directlinkages between conservation anddevelopment objective. Our researchfocused on 53 members of the communities ofFlorida, Porvenir and Piso Firme and 36secondary stakeholders. In each of thevillages we held half-day meetings withcommunity leaders, complemented bysemi-structured one-hour interviews with 5,10, and 7 families, representing 20%, 10%and 8% of each community. The long-termimpact of the NKMCAP on the localcommunities may well be positive. However,in the short run, certain sections of thelocal communities are financially poorer. Forest protection projects clearly have thepotential to sequester C, protectbiodiversity and simultaneously contributeto sustainable rural development, but ifthey really are to improve rurallivelihoods, they must be designed andimplemented carefully and participatively.     

矿区复合生态系统中土壤演替和植被演替的相互影响

在讨论矿区复合生态系统涵义的基础上，以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例，探讨了大型露天矿区复合生态系统演替与原生态系统演替的不同，即露天矿区复合生态系统演替极大地受着社会--经济--自然三方面的控制，在演替过程中土壤演替与植被演替相互影响、相互协调，共同作用了矿区复合生态系统。同时，还阐述了进行矿区生态重建的两大关键措施：生态环境建设和群落建设。     

Relation between some variations of soil and surface vegetatio and desertization in agriculture-pasture interlacing zone an example from Kangbao County,North Hebei,China

The studied agriculture-pasture interlacing zone has its specific natural conditions,at which the natural systems are unstable ,their self-regulation capability is low and the equilibrium is easily broken, and hence the habitat is fairly vulnerable.During last 20 years the increasing population and livestock ,over-reclamation,over-pasturing,over-deforesting, and other intensified negative human activities in the zone resulted in coarsening of surface soil,decrease of organic mater content in soil, reduction of vegetation coverage ,variation and degradation of flora structure, and hence in desertization of the land, although average of gales and sandstorms some decreased and the climate tended to be better in the region.However, the frequent sandstorms occurring in the springs of last and present years has attracted much attention.Investigations confirmed that the main cause for the phenomena is the unreasonable human activites rater than the natural factors.     

活性炭性质对其吸附水中硝基苯性能的影响

通过对活性炭进行HNO3氧化及热处理改性,研究了活性炭性质对其吸附硝基苯性能的影响.以低温液氮(N2/77 K)吸附测定活性炭的比表面积和孔容、孔径分布;以Boehm滴定、零电荷点pHPZC的测定及元素分析定量表征活性发表面含氧官能团变化.结果表明:经改性后,活性炭比表面积及总孔容略有减小,表面性质发生较大变化.改性活性炭对硝基苯的吸附容量明显改变,吸附容量大小依次为:AC1′＞AC0′＞AC0＞AC1.经硝酸氧化后,比表面积下降、存在过多表面含氧官能团是导致AC1吸附硝基苯能力降低的主要原因;而AC1'表面适量酚羟基所提供的氢键吸附是其对硝基苯吸附量增加的主要原因.     

Framing the Long-Term <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Liability Issue for Geologic Carbon Storage in the United States

This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government, state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations.     

混凝研究中的界面过程化学:IPF-颗粒物-水溶液的相互作用

仅以IPF 颗粒物 水溶液的相互作用为例 ,对混凝研究中二界面过程化学领域的进展加以介绍 .研究结果表明 ,经过预制的聚合铝在混凝过程中表现出较好的形态稳定性 ,而传统混凝剂则强烈地受溶液化学过程 ,尤其是溶液pH值的影响 .混凝剂水解聚合形态倾向于在颗粒物表面吸附沉积 ,而直接引发混凝作用 .单体形态则通过转化为聚合、沉淀形态起混凝作用     

影响北京地区土壤元素背景值的因素分析

用主成份分析研究了影响北京地区土壤元素背景值的主要因素。分析结果表明,影响土壤元素背景值的主要因素,在平原地区是地貌条件,在山区是成土母质。     

土壤重金属污染及其预防、修复研究

土壤重金属污染是一个难以解决的全球性棘手问题,不仅会直接或间接地危害人体健康,而且其污染的修复也十分困难,因此土壤重金属污染的预防与修复具有特别重要的意义.目前中国部分地区土壤重金属污染已相当严重,土壤污染防治已被提上中国环境保护工作的重要议程.文章先从自然地理环境的整体性出发说明土壤重金属污染的危害,接着介绍了由于人类活动引起的农耕区及城市土壤重金属污染来源,最后有针对性地提出土壤重金属污染的预防及其修复措施.     

沈阳张士污灌区土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取沈阳张士污灌区土攘样品,采用欧共体标准局的三步提取法研究土壤中5种重金属元素的形态分布.研究结果表明,在该污灌区土壤中,Cd和zn主要以B1(水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合态)和B2(铁-锰氧化物结合态)为主,分别占总量的49.4%、26.4%和43.9%、44.3%.Cu、Pb主要以B2(铁-锰氧化物结合态)和B3(有机物与硫化物结合态)为主分别占总量的43.4%、66.6%和29.1%、25.3%.Cr以B3(有机物与硫化物结合态)和残渣态为主,分别占总量的40.4%和42.5%.元素总量和形态分析的结果表明该地区土壤污染为单一的镉污染土壤,且镉的可迁移性强,易被植物吸收.     

雷州半岛胀缩土地裂缝及其成因机理

本文简述了雷州半岛胀缩土地裂缝的特征及分布发育规律；分析了胀缩土地裂缝的成因。认为雷州半岛胀缩土地裂缝的形成发育是胀缩土以及气候、植被、地形地貌、水文地质作用等因素综合作用的结果。其中胀缩土含大量的亲水矿物和失水产生向心收缩的特性从而成为地裂缝成生发展的内因。而特定的气候、植被、地形地貌、水文地质作用等外部环境条件则是导致胀缩土失水和发展形成地裂缝的重要外因。桉树是一种吸水-蒸腾能力极强的树种，树根的干燥作用是导致了林区土体干燥-收缩和形成收缩应力场及在林地边缘产生地下暗裂缝的关键因子，而极端的干旱气候环境和久旱后第一场大暴雨则是暗裂牵动式胀缩土地裂缝发育形成不可或缺的因素。胀缩土地裂缝灾害应重在预防，有关的策略包括防水保湿、科学植树、建筑设计和地基处理、科学选址。