监控完全遮挡场景下火焰特征分析方法

为解决监控完全遮挡场景下火灾原因认定面临的问题,探究火焰的视频特征分析方法.利用油盘火、垃圾桶火焰和短路火花3种实体火焰模拟室内火灾,布置普通彩色CCD监控摄像头使之被完全遮挡,收集火灾视频进行预处理,利用视频分析技术提取、对比、分析油盘火焰、垃圾桶火焰和短路火花的HSV颜色、火焰面积增长、质心变化、Harris角点变...     

火焰引燃高速列车行李燃烧特性全尺寸试验研究

以CRH1高速列车20 kg旅客行李为研究对象,采用家具量热仪和全尺寸试验研究了不同引火源功率、不同通风量等条件下行李点燃特性、热释放速率、质量损失率、热释放总量、烟气释放速率等火灾参数,总结了其燃烧行为及特性。结果表明:高速列车20 kg旅客行李燃烧特性易受通风量、引火源功率等火场环境影响;引燃时间为1~2 min,持续燃烧时间在27~35 min;热释放速率可达347.3 k W以上,因行李压实较为紧密,燃烧不够充分,产生大量高温未完全燃烧气体,极大程度增加列车车厢回燃性;质量损失率较小,行李燃烧不充分;温升速率快,最高温度可达230℃;产烟量较大,透光率最低为35%;行李热释放总量THR随着引火源功率增加而增大,最高可达到213 MJ,控制引火源功率是减小行李热释放总量THR的关键。     

喀斯特山区水库底泥养分与重金属的含量特征——以阿哈水库为例

为摸清喀斯特山区阿哈水库底泥的养分情况和重金属污染状况,评价底泥农业资源化利用潜力,根据水库地形地貌、入库河流和出库口分布等特点,采集0~100 cm深度的底泥样品12个,分析和评价了阿哈水库底泥的养分状况及重金属污染水平。结果表明:底泥的有机质、总氮、总磷和总钾平均质量比分别为92.25 g/kg、3.35 g/kg、0.76 g/kg和14.18 g/kg,对照全国第二次土壤普查有关标准,有机质和总氮处于很高水平,总磷处于中上水平,而总钾处于中下水平,各养分指标的变异系数为25.49%~41.06%,空间差异较强;底泥Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cu和Zn的平均质量比分别为104.86 mg/kg、1.12 mg/kg、75.87 mg/kg、26.68 mg/kg、0.27 mg/kg、59.53 mg/kg和164.65mg/kg,均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值、贵州表生沉积物背景值和全国水系沉积物平均值,各重金属元素的变异系数为31.41%~132.34%,具有很强的空间变异性;以《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》为评价标准,底泥重金属內梅罗综合污染水平和潜在生态危害程度均为中等,且Cd的贡献最大。综上,阿哈水库底泥养分丰富,但污染较严重,不适于耕地利用,可考虑用于园林绿地。     

烧结砖中重金属释放特性研究

通过向黏土中添加重金属试剂,模拟煅烧试验制作烧结砖.采用酸消解试验研究烧结砖中重金属的总量,采用欧盟NEN7371方法测试烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量,采用NEN7375方法进行块状烧结砖浸出试验,研究烧结砖样品中Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的释放特性.结果表明:烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量低于总量,释放率从大到小为Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cr;在块状浸出过程中,Cr、Ni、As累积释放量达到平衡的时间为16 d,Pb为4d,而Cd的累积释放量一直有上升的趋势;Cr、Ni、As的释放机理主要为扩散控制,Cd为溶解作用,Pb为表面冲刷作用;5种重金属释放速率从大到小为Ni、Cr、Pb、As、Cd.     

Flame behaviors and pressure characteristics of vented dust explosions at elevated static activation overpressures

Dust explosion venting experiments were performed using a 20-L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures larger than 1 bar. Lycopodium dust samples with mean diameter of 70 μm and electric igniters with 0.5 KJ ignition energy were used in the experiments. Explosion overpressures in the chamber and flame appearances near the vent were recorded simultaneously. The results indicated that the flame appeared as the under-expanded free jet with shock diamonds, when the overpressure in the chamber was larger than the critical pressure during the venting process. The flame appeared as the normal constant-pressure combustion when the pressure venting process finished. Three types of venting processes were concluded in the experiments: no secondary flame and no secondary explosion, secondary flame, secondary explosion. The occurrence of the secondary explosions near the vent was related to the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure. Larger diameters and lower static activation overpressures were beneficial to the occurrence of the secondary explosions. In current experiments, the secondary explosions only occurred at the following combinations of the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure: 40 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.8 bar.     

Kinetics characteristics of coal low-temperature oxidation in oxygen-depleted air

The longwall gob (mined-out) area is one of the main places that are prone to coal spontaneous combustion and most of the residual coal in it is in oxygen-depleted air as it is a semi-enclosed space. A DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) test system was designed to accurately test the heat generation of coal oxidation in different oxygen concentration atmosphere, based on which the kinetics parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) of coal low-temperature oxidation in oxygen-depleted air were solved out. The results show that the kinetics parameters present obvious stage features and the lower the oxygen concentration is, the smaller is the difference of the kinetics parameters that in different oxidation stages. When the oxygen concentration is lower than 5% and 3% for jet coal and meagre coal respectively, the kinetics parameters of slow oxidation start to be greater than that of rapid oxidation. Both in the slow oxidation and rapid oxidation stage, with the decrease of oxygen concentration, kinetics parameters present significant decline on the whole while in different oxygen concentration range, the decline rate is different. It's concluded that when assessing the residual coal's self-heating risk, we need to use the corresponding kinetics parameters of coal oxidation in the oxygen concentration of the location where the residual coal is and the safety factor will be greater to only use the kinetics parameters of coal oxidation in slow oxidation stage. This study is of great significance for the assessment and control of the self-heating risk of coal that in different oxygen concentration atmospheres of the longwall gob areas.     

液化天然气储罐9％镍钢焊缝相控阵AUT工艺

9％镍钢液化天然气储罐制造安装过程中,焊缝检验通常用常规射线照相（RT）进行。本文研讨用相控阵半自动超声检测（AUT）取代射线照相的工艺制定及验证方法。要领分四步：首先带缺陷专用焊接试样的制备;然后相控阵AUT工艺的编制;其次在有已知缺陷的焊接试样上,对AUTT艺作“开放性”验证试验;最后在现场对整个数据采集系统作“封闭性”操作演示和验证评定试验。验证结果表明相控阵AUT取代RT可行可靠,能凸显AUT种种优势。     

矿用救生舱内二氧化碳净化特性研究

煤矿救生舱是在矿井下发生事故后保护被困矿工生存、等待救援的密闭舱室设备。在救援过程中,二氧化碳的处理是舱内空气净化系统的一项主要功能。本文对救生舱内二氧化碳净化装置的功率、吸收效率、药剂床层厚度等因素进行了一系列试验,确定了救生舱二氧化碳的最优净化方式,并通过救生舱内真人生存试验对其进行了验证。最终得出救生舱内处理二氧化碳最佳反应条件为:药剂量20kg,最佳功率为100W;间歇式工作的运行时间与停机时间比例为2:3;在救生舱内8人生存模拟实验中,得出8kg药剂可供8人使用6.1h,平均吸收速率为1.34L/min。     

由53起较大以上事故探讨农产品加工企业风险特征

系统检索并整理了自2001年以来,我国发生在农产品加工行业的53起较大以上事故,从事故类型、企业产品类型、承包商、施救不当和年度事故分布等角度对这些事故进行分析。结果表明,农产品加工企业事故风险具有一定的行业特点,主要表现在中毒窒息事故比较多,因施救不当而导致事故扩大的问题比较突出;粮食和酒精、养殖、饲料和腌渍制品企业风险相对较高。分析结果对指导企业如何防止较大以上事故具有重要的指导意义。     

陕西省ODS使用量分布特征的分析

通过调查陕西省消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)的销售和使用量,分析了陕西省消耗臭氧层物质的行业和地区分布特征。根据各受控物质的特点,计算了这些物质的实际使用量的臭氧消耗潜能(ODP)值。结果表明,2008年陕西省使用的ODS总量约为679.95 t,按照ODP值折算,相当于约132.76 t当量CFC-11。ODS的使用主要集中在清洗行业和制冷行业,区域重点在西安市。