新疆维吾尔自治区石化企业典型工艺无组织VOCs排放特征及光化学反应活性

为探究新疆维吾尔自治区石化企业典型工艺〔LCZZ（蜡催装置工艺）、XHS（循环水工艺）、DFT（大芳烃工艺）、SX（三循工艺）、180万t（180万t加氢工艺）、200万t（200万t加氢工艺）〕无组织VOCs（挥发性有机物）的排放特征及光化学反应活性,采用气袋法进行样品采集,用GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱仪）定量分析其主要成分,并利用LOH法（·OH反应速率法）和MIR法（最大增量反应活性法）估算VOCs组分的臭氧生成潜势.结果表明:该石化企业中,各典型工艺无组织排放的ρ（TVOCs）（VOCs化合物质量浓度之和）较高,范围为87.2~185 μg/m3,其中LCZZ排放最高,180万t排放最低;各工艺检测到的VOCs成分构成整体上相似,均以烷烃和卤代烃为主,w（烷烃）和w（卤代烃）范围分别为41.7%~67.3%和24.3%~50.1%;不同工艺的无组织VOCs特征组分各有不同,但均为ρ（氟利昂113）最高,w（氟利昂113）范围为22.3%~45.8%.不同工艺无组织废气中臭氧生成贡献率较大的物种均为烯炔烃和烷烃;LCZZ、XHS、SX及180万t中的丙烯、DFT中的正丁烷和200万t中的2,3-二甲基丁烷是各工艺排放VOCs中臭氧生成贡献率最大的组分,同时也是对光化学污染贡献最为突出的污染物质.研究显示,该石化企业无组织VOCs的污染较为严重,具有明显的工艺差异性,VOCs组分较复杂,应采取分工艺、生产全过程控制的污染防治对策.      

广州秋季HONO污染特征及夜间来源分析

大气亚硝酸(HONO)光解是对流层大气中OH自由基(·OH)的主要来源,对光化学过程具有重要作用,但其夜间化学过程的研究较为薄弱.本文利用2015年10月暨南大学大气超级站的HONO及相关参数的观测数据,针对夜间HONO的污染过程和来源进行了分析.结果表明广州秋季HONO夜间浓度平均值为4.32μg·m~(-3),是日间浓度平均值(1.67μg·m~(-3))的2.6倍;夜间HONO平均转化率CHONO为0.006 8 h-1;夜间机动车直接排放对HONO的平均贡献为15.1%,并在20:00左右出现峰值(37.8%);夜间NO和·OH反应生成HONO的净速率平均值为0.44μg·(m~3·h)~(-1);相关性分析,发现大气颗粒物对HONO的生成不重要,但相对湿度(33%RH78%)对HONO生成具有显著促进作用.相关计算表明沉降的NO_2与水汽在地表的非均相反应可能是夜间HONO的主要来源.     

桂林五里峡水库丰水期溶解有机碳特征

为更全面、准确把握岩溶碳循环特征,本文在获取桂林五里峡水库丰水期水化学及溶解有机碳(DOC)分布特征的基础上,还借助紫外吸收光谱技术对水体有机质分子量大小等进行分析.结果表明,五里峡水库丰水期水化学类型仍为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,水体营养状态为中等营养型,未达到富营养状态;五里峡水库丰水期DOC质量浓度比枯水期低,DOC为TOC的主要组成部分,DOC质量浓度在垂直方向上呈表层至底层降低的趋势,这是Chl-a、DIC等水环境因子综合影响的结果;S_(275~295)、M、SUVA_(254)、E_(253)/E_(203)吸收光谱特征参数表征下的库区水体有机质以小分子量物质为主,富里酸所占比例高,腐殖酸所占比例低,芳香性较弱,苯环上脂肪族等非极性官能团含量较多,表明库区水体DOC内源特征较强,有机质生物活性较好,在水库碳循环中发挥了积极作用.     

成都秋季大气污染过程VOCs特征及SOA生成潜势

利用在线气相色谱-质谱（GC-FID/MS）监测系统,对成都市城区秋季典型大气污染期间环境空气中的77种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行连续监测,分析了污染前期、污染中期、污染后期VOCs的污染特征、日变化规律.结果表明,成都市城区典型污染前期VOCs体积分数为38.9×10^-9;污染中期VOCs体积分数迅速增加,比污染前期高3.7倍,达到143.4×10^-9,污染后期VOCs体积分数为35.7×10^-9.污染前期VOCs日变化不明显,污染中期、后期VOCs日变化呈双峰性,分别出现在每天车流量高峰时段.此外,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）评估了不同污染阶段VOCs对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势,污染前期、污染中期、污染后期SOA浓度值分别为1.1,3.1,1.5 μg/m³,芳香烃是SOA的主要前体物.     

Simultaneous Fe(III) reduction and ammonia oxidation process in Anammox sludge

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the phenomenon in which ferric iron (Fe(III)) is reduced to ferrous iron [Fe(II)] in anaerobic environments, accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of ammonia to NO₂^-, NO₃^-, or N₂. However, studies on the relevant reaction characteristics and mechanisms are rare. Recently, in research on the effect of Fe(III) on the activity of Anammox sludge, excess ammonia oxidization has also been found. Hence, in the present study, Fe(III) was used to serve as the electron acceptor instead of NO₂^-, and the feasibility and characteristics of Anammox coupled to Fe(III) reduction (termed Feammox) were investigated. After 160days of cultivation, the conversion rate of ammonia in the reactor was above 80%, accompanied by the production of a large amount of NO₃^- and a small amount of NO₂^-. The total nitrogen removal rate was up to 71.8%. Furthermore, quantities of Fe(II) were detected in the sludge fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturated gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses further revealed that in the sludge, some Anammox bacteria were retained, and some microbes were enriched during the acclimatization process. We thus deduced that in Anammox sludge, Fe(III) reduction takes place together with ammonia oxidation to NO₂^- and NO₃^- along with the Anammox process.     

Stream Phosphorus Transport in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 1989–1996

Lake Tahoe is undergoing the initial stages of culturaleutrophication due to human alteration of the airshed andwatershed. The lake's switch from nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P)limitation has been attributed primarily to atmospheric Nloading. This places an increased importance on controllingwatershed movement of P to the lake. A stream water qualitymonitoring data set consisting of nine streams in the Lake Tahoebasin has been analyzed to characterize the spatiotemporalvariation of P delivery to the lake. This data is from the LakeTahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP), which providesscientific data for planning and regulatory agencies to addressenvironmental problems in the Lake Tahoe basin. Results indicatethat P delivery (concentrations, loads) varies greatly atinterannual, seasonal, and spatial scales. Annual and seasonaltotal P (TP) concentrations can vary up to three orders ofmagnitude in a given stream and are strongly associated withsuspended sediment. Particulate P is the major form of Ptransported by Tahoe streams and was strongly correlated withpercent surficial geologic deposits, which are primarily locatednear streams. Tahoe streams with the highest annualP concentrations often had the lowest annual P loads, and visaversa. P loading is greatest during the spring snowmelt (75% ofannual average). Potential watershed parameters influencing Pdelivery to Lake Tahoe have been identified as precipitation,basin area, basin steepness, and road and human developmentcoverage. Results also suggest that human development impacts onstream P loads are most prevalent during high precipitationyears. Identification and quantification of stream sediment andP sources such as streambanks and impervious surface isnecessary to aid in watershed restoration efforts.     

CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气体组成的影响

利用固定床反应器,选用CaCO_3和SiO_2为添加剂,进行了生活垃圾催化热解实验研究,结果表明,CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解中的催化作用比SiO_2更加明显。为此,研究了不同CaCO_3添加量对热解可燃气产量的影响,探讨了CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解过程中的催化作用机理,重点分析了CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气中CH_4和CO的影响机理。通过对比分析生活垃圾中添加不同量CaO的热解实验结果,得出CaCO3的催化作用主要在于其分解产物CaO促进了垃圾的二次热解,以及CO_2与C的还原反应。     

云南分散畜禽养殖密集型农村污水特征及污染风险评价

农村污水是造成水环境污染的主要原因之一,它不仅是农村水源地的安全隐患,还会危害农民自身的生存发展,因此对农村污水特征分析及风险评价具有重大意义。通过对云南省文山州八道哨村(畜禽养殖型)的农村污水进行采样和处理,分析了总磷、正磷、总氮、氨氮、COD、p H等污染指标,明确了畜禽养殖型农村污水的污染特征状况。结果表明:每个样点排放污水的氮和COD浓度均超过了GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》,磷的浓度整体超过污染标准,仅有个别样点位于正常范围内;主干道污水的氮、磷和COD浓度均明显超过GB 18918—2002二级标准。通过运用内梅罗指数法对各污染指标进行统一处理,评价不同区域污水的污染程度。3个分区的内梅罗指数大小依次为东部(4.55)>中部(3.34)>西部(3.14),污染等级均为重污染。     

基于地域性的三种污泥干化工艺的经济性比较

随着城市污水排放量的增多和成分的复杂化,污泥处理已成为污水处理厂面临的最大难题。脱水污泥含水率高,不利于后续的处理与再利用。污泥热干化可将污泥含水率降至10%~40%,但该过程耗能大,会大幅增加污泥处理成本,不利于污泥处理技术的推广应用。以拉萨、上海、重庆为例,分别对带式干化、热泵-太阳能干化、热泵-太阳能-蓄热干化3种污泥干化工艺的经济性进行分析,阐明了不同干化方式的适用特点,为相变蓄热技术在污泥干化中的推广应用提供了技术参考。     

圆盘干燥深度脱水污泥的中试研究

采用正交实验法对圆盘干燥机干燥过程进行研究,测定了干燥机传热系数、干燥机扭矩、污泥干燥量和干燥热效率,探讨了蒸汽压力、干燥机转速和加料机转速对其影响规律。实验系统的质量和热量平衡校验表明,实验数据具有较强的可靠性。分析测试了污泥冷凝水和干燥废气的污染物排放特性,污泥冷凝水样中COD和NH3-N浓度随着干燥机转速的增加而下降,干燥废气中的含硫气体浓度随着圆盘表面温度的上升而增大,光氧气体处置装置对含硫废气有着较好的处理效果。