Correcting common misconceptions to inspire conservation action in urban environments

Despite repeated calls to action, proposals for urban conservation are often met with surprise or scepticism. There remains a pervasive narrative in policy, practice, and the public psyche that urban environments, although useful for engaging people with nature or providing ecosystem services, are of little conservation value. We argue that the tendency to overlook the conservation value of urban environments stems from misconceptions about the ability of native species to persist within cities and towns and that this, in turn, hinders effective conservation action. However, recent scientific evidence shows that these assumptions do not always hold. Although it is generally true that increasing the size, quality, and connectivity of habitat patches will improve the probability that a species can persist, the inverse is not that small, degraded, or fragmented habitats found in urban environments are worthless. In light of these findings we propose updated messages that guide and inspire researchers, practitioners, and decision makers to undertake conservation action in urban environments: consider small spaces, recognize unconventional habitats, test creative solutions, and use science to minimize the impacts of future urban development.     

我国东南四省人防工程内氡的调查

我国东南四省广泛分布着大量的富铀花岗岩,是氡的高本底区。人防工程因其建于地下,室内氡浓度受本底值影响更大。为了解该地区地下人防工程内氡的浓度水平及可能对人体产生的危害,文章对该区11个城市30个不同类型的人防工程室内氡浓度进行了约24小时连续测定,测定结果为11.1~344.1 Bq·m-3,平均值为70.5Bq·m-3。为探讨工程的地质概况、被覆程度、被覆材料及通风程度对室内氡浓度的影响,根据工程被覆程度及人员使用频繁程度将其分为四类:地下停车场(Ⅰ类);超市,办公室等(Ⅱ类);被覆坑道(Ⅲ类);毛洞(Ⅳ类)。各类工程的氡浓度平均值分别为29.6、33.7、84.4、137.5 Bq·m-3。     

澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水-上覆水营养盐特征与交换通量分析

为分析澜沧江梯级水库建设对澜沧江流域沉积物-水界面交换过程的影响,于2016年2~3月对澜沧江云南段间隙水-上覆水氮、磷营养盐进行了调查与分析.结果表明,澜沧江自然河道沉积物间隙水总氮(TN)均值为15.254 mg·L~(-1),显著高于水库均值6.577 mg·L~(-1);但其总磷(TP)均值为0.654 mg·L~(-1),低于水库区域的1.432 mg·L~(-1).澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水氮、磷浓度均高于上覆水浓度,上覆水-间隙水垂向TN浓度在表层沉积物处达到最大值,且自然河道总溶解氮(DTN)扩散通量均值为2.117 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),高于水库的均值0.785 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);但其总溶解磷(DTP)扩散通量为0.044 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),低于水库的均值0.053 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),上覆水氮盐主要来源于沉积物间隙水.澜沧江梯级水库建设导致的沉积物组成差异与水体扰动差异是间隙水-上覆水界面交换差异的主要原因.     

基于应急避难空间的矿山安全防护体系研究

提出以应急避难空间为基础的煤矿新型安全防护体系,通过在井下布置救生舱、避难所与矿井各系统结合形成救援网络,可在煤矿事故中为被困作业人员提供应急避难空间避难,降低煤矿事故死亡率。提出了救生舱、避难所在矿井中的基本布置原则,并以山西某煤矿为实例进行安全体系建设研究,指出避难室、救生舱在矿井实际条件中的设置原则和方法,以及新型安全防护体系的发展方向,为我国煤矿新型安全防护体系构建提出指导性依据。     

Design of Mass Exchange Network and Effluent Distribution System for effective water management

The environmental impact of industrial wastewater and higher cost of fresh water are the serious challenges faced by the process industries. It has led to the development of many new techniques to minimize fresh water consumption. Of the many approaches, which have been developed, the Water Source Diagram (WSD) is a flexible and dynamic alternative for the generation of different scenarios for the management of water networks with reduction in total consumption. In the present study WSD concept was coupled with water mains concept to mains simplify the piping network and reduce the cost. A new procedure was developed for integrating the effluent treatment processes to evolve Effluent Treatment Network. Example from literature having multi contaminants was considered. This simple procedure involving hand calculations will be a useful tool for process engineers to design water and effluent treatment networks. Also the WSD and ETN were combined to form an evolutionary WAMEN (Water Allocation and Mass Exchange Network) and the proposed WAMEN aims for minimum fresh water consumption.     

乌鲁木齐市煤炭消费的CO2排放时空分析

通过计算乌鲁木齐市2001-2009年煤炭燃烧CO2排放量,对CO2排放现状及主要城区重点工业污染源企业煤炭消费的CO2排放进行时空分析。结果表明:(1)2001年以来,乌市煤炭在能源消费总量中所占的比重变化不大,占较高比例。(2)煤炭燃烧的CO2排放量逐年增加,年均增长率为10.84%;主要城区CO2的分布变化明显,天山区和头屯河区一直是CO2排放量高值区,乌鲁木齐县最低。结合乌市CO2排放现状及面临问题,提出减排对策,从而为健全乌市温室气体减排机制提供有力支撑。     

2015~2019年河南省PM2.5时空特征与驱动因素分析

PM_2.5是雾-霾中的主要成分,河南省已成为PM_2.5污染防治重点地区之一.基于2015～2019年河南省PM_2.5浓度数据,使用空间自相关和空间热点探测方法分析其时空特征,引入地理探测器方法分析气象因素、空气质量因素和社会因素对PM_2.5浓度的解释力度.结果表明,河南省2015～2019年PM_2.5浓度整体呈现降低趋势,高污染天数减少和低污染天数增加,高污染逐步向中污染转化;PM_2.5浓度具备明显的空间聚集特征,全局空间自相关指数先降后升,空间热点集中在豫北地区（安阳市、鹤壁市、新乡市和焦作市）,空间冷点集中在豫西地区（三门峡市、洛阳市和南阳市）;空间重心转移呈现出北上的趋势;单因子探测显示,在9个影响因子中,土地利用类型（解释力度为0.511,下同）、降水量（0.312）和NO₂浓度（0.277）是影响PM_2.5浓度最明显的因子,其余因子影响力排序为PM₁₀浓度（0.255）、温度（0....     

飞行器防空间静电放电设计和试验技术

结合某飞行器的特点,以及产品在轨飞行期间遭遇的空间静电放电(SESD)环境,研究了在没有可借鉴的条件下,如何通过分析提出大型天线及本体的空间静电放电防护设计目标,根据产品实际情况设计了分段实施的措施,运用等效理念设计了试验子样和测试方案,策划了设计元器件、原材料、天线系统、飞行器等不同层面的试验验证技术和方法.     

基质浓度·电极距离·离子强度对MFC影响的研究

以宜兰酒厂废水处理厂的污泥为菌种来源,构建单槽无膜无介体空气阴极型微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC),通过添加小同浓度的基质、改变阳极与阴极距离及添加不同浓度的NaCl,分别考察了基质浓度、电极距离、离子强度对MFC性能的影响.研究结果表明,伴随基质COD浓度的增加(从300 mg/L增到...     

基于状态空间法人文因素对大连市生态环境的影响研究

以大连市为研究区域,构建人文因素对区域生态系统影响的指标体系、评估模型及评估标准,基于状态空间法,从区域资源、区域环境、人文因素三个维度对大连市2002-2012期间47个指标,评价人文因素对生态环境的影响。结果表明：近十二年来,大连市人文因素对生态环境的影响综合指数几乎都在临界值以下,即处在影响适度范围内,总体上达到了可持续发展的要求,但是与青岛市相比,大连市还应该加强生态环境保护的力度,避免在以后的发展中受到环境的制约。