海洋信息系统图件的输入与数字化仪的连接

本文论述了各类海洋信息系统建设过程中空间数据的输入方法，比较了各种数字化方式的优缺点，并以数字化仪数字化作为空间数据的输入方式，就常见的ＧＩＳ软件ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ为例，对数字化仪参数的设置、数字化仪数据格式与ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ软件数据格式的匹配，连接状况测试等问题具体地介绍了实际解决问题的方案，为常见的数字化仪与ＧＩＳ软件连接问题提供了一个可借鉴的范例，同时为海洋信息系统空间信息的建立奠定了基础。     

江苏省沿江开发区空间分工、制造业集聚与转移

基于新经济地理学相关理论，针对江苏省沿江开发战略实施以后，制造业空间可能存在的变动，在整理和分析调查问卷资料的基础上，选择专业化指数和基尼系数2种方法来定量分析江苏省21个沿江省级以上开发区空间分工、制造业集聚和转移态势。结果表明：（1）2002~2006年江南沿江开发区通过向江北沿江开发区转移部分传统产业，逐渐形成了江南沿江技术/资本密集型制造业“中心”和江北沿江劳动密集型制造业“外围”的空间分工格局；（2）江南沿江开发区内部、江北沿江开发区内部尚未形成良好的分工关系；（3）受开发区发展阶段、区域产业政策、本地化资源供给和市场需求等因素影响，并未发现理论预期的普遍存在的产业集聚现象，仅纺织服装、石化、电力、塑料橡胶等产业呈现集中趋势.     

中国区域能源效率对霾污染的空间效应——基于空间杜宾模型的实证分析

以中国29个省市自治区为研究对象，并以2001~2015年PM_2.5年度均值作为衡量霾污染的指标，构建了全要素能源效率对中国霾污染影响的空间杜宾模型.研究表明：中国绝大部分省市的霾污染演变趋势具有倒"U"的特点，这说明中国的霾污染在2001~2015年间经历了先上升后下降的总体变化趋势；无论是采用地理相邻权重还是经济权重，中国省际间的霾污染均存在显著空间集聚效应，这揭示霾污染的治理与控制需要地区间建立恰当的合作机制，避免出现"损人利己"现象；在对一系列经济社会因素控制的基础上，全要素能源效率对霾污染存在显著的负向影响并且具有显著的空间溢出效应，这表明全要素能源效率的提高不仅会显著降低本地区的霾污染水平，还将对周边地区的霾污染产生显著的负向影响；分解方程结果显示，技术进步和技术效率对霾污染的负向效应显著，并且技术进步的直接效应大于技术效率，但两者的间接效应均显著大于直接效应，这揭示了技术扩散对霾污染具有重要的潜在促降效应.因此，在治理霾污染的过程中，要通过不断优化能源结构和开发新能源技术以发挥全要素能源效率的减霾效果，以及通过地区间的交流与合作发挥技术扩散效应在霾污染治理中的作用.     

K/T界面冲击层的岩石矿物特征及其对论证地外撞击事件的意义

分布在世界各地的K／T界面剖面，尽管形成环境各异，但彼此之间的岩石矿物特征却有许多共同之处。对于大多数剖面来说，界面粘土层的底都普遍存在着一个结构特别的冲击层。冲击层的厚度在全球的分布并不均匀，北美和加勒比海地区可达2～50cm，而其它地区则只有几厘米。冲击层的厚度可能反映了距离撞击坑的远近。详细的岩石与矿物学研究结果表明，在北美和加勒比海地区冲击层实际上具有双层结构特征。上面的一层称为火球层，除了富集Ir和其它地外指示元素外，还含有大量的烟灰和富Ni镁铁尖晶石。下面的溅射层则含有大量的冲击玻璃球粒（玻璃陨石）和冲击变质矿物。K／T界面冲击层的发现为Ir异常的地外撞击成因解释提供了更为直接的物理证据。     

基于经济空间分异的扬州市生态镇建设模式研究

扬州市乡镇经济发展程度空间分异明显。应用主成分分析法分析了扬州市88个乡镇经济水平的空间差异,指出经济发达、欠发达乡镇的分布,整体上呈现南强北弱的态势。进而提出不同经济水平的生态镇建设模式,即:经济发达乡镇主导发展生态工业;欠发达乡镇巩固农业优势,主导发展特色资源型生态农业和观光农业。     

锅炉房边界噪声污染及其防治

本文引用统计数据对锅炉房边界噪声污染现状进行了叙述，分析了边界噪声超标的原因，最后对超标问题提出了几点建议，即对减轻和控制噪声污染提出了治理措施。目的是希望引起各级领导及专业人士对噪声污染的重视，切实把噪声污染的治理提到日程上，加大治理力度，为一些深受噪声污染之害的居民创造一个比较安静的环境，以解除他们的困扰。     

Estimating baseline carbon emissions for the Eastern Panama Canal watershed

To participate in the potential market for carbon credits based on changes in the use and management of the land, one needs to identify opportunities and implement land-use based emissions reductions or sequestration projects. A key requirement of land-based carbon (C) projects is that any activity developed for generating C benefits must be additional to business-as-usual. A rule-based model was developed and used that estimates changes in land-use and subsequent carbon emissions over the next twenty years using the Eastern Panama Canal Watershed (EPCW) as a case study. These projections of changes in C stocks serve as a baseline to identify where opportunities exist for implementing projects to generate potential C credits and to position Panama to be able to participate in the emerging C market by developing a baseline under scenarios of business-as-usual and new-road development. The projections show that the highest percent change in land use for the new-road scenario compared to the business-as-usual scenario is for urban areas, and the greatest cause of C emission is from deforestation. Thus, the most effective way to reduce C emissions to the atmosphere in the EPCW is by reducing deforestation. In addition to affecting C emissions, reducing deforestation would also protect the soil and water resources of the EPCW. Yet, under the current framework of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), only credits arising from reforestation are allowed, which after 20 years of plantation establishment are not enough to offset the C emissions from the ongoing, albeit small, rate of deforestation in the EPCW. The study demonstrates the value of spatial regional projections of changes in land cover and C stocks: The approach helps a country identify its potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission liabilities into the future and provides opportunity for the country to plan alternative development pathways. It could be used by potential project developers to identify which types of projects will generate the largest C benefits and provide the needed baseline against which a project is then evaluated. Spatial baselines, such as those presented here, can be used by governments to help identify development goals. The development of such a baseline, and its expansion to other vulnerable areas, well positions Panama to respond to the future market demand for C offsets. It is useful to compare the projected change in land cover under the business-as-usual scenario to the goals set by Law 21 for the year 2020. Suggested next steps for analysis includeusing the modeling approach to exploreland-use, C dynamics and management ofsecondary forests and plantations, soilC gains or losses, sources ofvariability in the land use and Cstock projections, and other ecologicalimplications and feedbacks resulting fromprojected changes in land cover.     

向海湿地贴地气层中CO2日平均浓度空间分异特征

研究了向海湿地贴地气层中CO2浓度8月份的日平均值在水平方向及垂直方向上的空间分异特征.结果表明,向海湿地贴地气层CO2日平均浓度在246~266mol/mol之间,低于三江平原湿地贴地气层乃至全球CO2浓度值,4个高度(0.1,0.6,1.2,2m)水平方向纬度分异显著,变异显著区基本一致;垂直分异差异显著,芦苇和香蒲湿地变异最大,岸边坡地变异最小.     

Characterization of aliphatic hydrocarbons in deep subsurface soils near the outskirts of Beijing, China

Thirty-nine deep subsurface soils( 150—180 cm depth) near the outskirts of Beijing were investagated. The concentrations including n-alkanes from C13 to C36, pristane and phytane were in the range of 0.60 to 170.10μg/g, with a median value of 4.26. Carbon preference index values for n-alkanes ranged from 1.08 to 2.98, with a median value of 1.48. The percentage contribution of “wax” nalkanes was in the range of 6.03%--46.22%. A predominance of odd/even carbon n-alkanes and unresolved complex mixtures with different shapes and ranges were frequently observed. Factor analysis reduced the data set into three principal components and confirming contributions from low ( 19.58% ), medium ( 20.49% ) molecular weight species and long-chain n-alkanes (43.41% ), respectively.Molecular biomarkers such as pristane, phytane, hopanes and steranes were detected. Based on the principal component analysis, the concentration profiles and molecular markers, it was found that the aliphatic hydrocarbons were from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources.     

State-By-State Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the United States 1960–2000

Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement, usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO₂ emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical, resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets.