城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响

为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明：（1）城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;（2）各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;（3）在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。     

Spatial analysis of plant detritus processing in a Mediterranean river type: the case of the River Tirso Basin,Sardinia, Italy

The river continuum concept represents the most general framework addressing the spatial variation of both structure and function in river ecosystems.In the Mediterranean ecoregion,summer drought events and dams constitute the main sources of local disturbance to the structure and functioning of river ecosystems occurring in the river basin.In this study,we analysed patterns of spatial variation of detritus processing in a 7th order river of the Mediterranean ecoregion(River Tirso,Sardinia0Italy)and in three 4th order sub-basins which were exposed to different summer drought pressures.The study was carried out on phragmites australis and Alnus glutionsa leaf detritus at 31 field sites in seasonal field experiment Detritus processing rates were higher for Alnus glutionsa than for Phragmites australis plant detritus.Processing rates of Alnus glutionsa leaves varied among seasons and study sites from 0.006d^-1 to 0.189d^-1 and those of Phragmites australis leaves ranged from 0.0008d^-1 to 0.102d^-1,with the lowest values occurring at sites exposed to summer drought.Seasons and sites accounted for a significant proportion of such variability.Alder detritus decay rates generally decreased with increasing stream order,while reed detritus decay rates generallyincreased on the same spatial gradient.Summer drought events affected these spatial patterns of variation by influencing significantly the decay rates of both plant detritus.The comparisons among and within sub-basins showed strong negative influence of summer drought on detritus processing rates.Similarly,in the entire River Tirso basin decay rates were always lower at disturbed than at undisturbed sites for each stream order;decay rates of reed detritus remained lower at those sites even after the end of the disturbance events,while alder decay rates recovered rapidly from the summer drought perturbations.The different recovery of the processing rates of the two leaves could also explain the different patterns of spatial variation observed between the two leaves.     

太湖水域PH3的时空变化特征

以太湖为研究对象 ,考察了富营养化浅水湖泊中磷化氢的时空分布特征 .结果表明 ,湖面大气中PH3 由于受风向、天气等因素的综合作用 ,时空分布规律不太明显 .表层湖水和底层湖水由于受到风浪扰动 ,天气变化和船只等的影响 ,不同采样点PH3 的含量变化不大 .同时 ,PH3 浓度沿湖水垂直梯度方向的变化亦较小 .而过滤湖水与原始湖水中PH3 的时空变化在同一采样点位、同一采样时间 ,原始湖水中PH3 的浓度明显高于过滤湖水中PH3 的浓度 .底泥中PH3 含量的变化可能与湖底氧化还原环境和温度有关 ,对于水体污染比较严重的地方底泥PH3 含量较高 .     

空间溢出视角下中国污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应

本研究在着力改善生态环境和调整产业空间布局的背景下,着眼于国民经济行业中高能耗、高污染的污染密集型产业,基于2000—2015年中国30个省区的面板数据,在污染密集型产业识别的基础上,考察了污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染的空间特征,构建了空间面板杜宾模型,并从空间溢出视角,探讨了污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应.研究发现:①污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染均具有显著的空间正相关性;②污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染之间存在显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,对于产业集聚水平较高的山西、宁夏和内蒙古,有望通过空间溢出效应和政策干预发挥减排效应,其他省区集聚水平的提高将会加剧环境污染;③经济发展水平和外商直接投资与环境污染之间均具有显著的正相关关系,而技术创新能力的提高能显著降低污染水平.     

基于空间网格尺度的中国PM2.5污染健康效应空间分布

以全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的监测数据为基础，运用空间插值法模拟中国PM_2.5在10kmx10km空间网格尺度上的暴露水平，利用BenMap工具估计2017年中国PM_2.5污染的健康损失，在城市尺度上对PM_2.5污染的健康经济损失进行空间分析.结果表明，在统计意义层面上，2017年PM_2.5污染共计造成我国321435例早逝、746078例住院、14877551例患病，健康经济损失约为12625亿元，占当年全国GDP的1.53%.从城市尺度来看，健康效应呈现出一定的空间聚集效应，京津冀地区城市较为严重.在空间分布上，主要以“高-高”型和“低-低”型分布为主，即健康经济损失高值城市相互聚集、健康经济损失低值城市也相互聚集，并且存在高值城市之间相互影响并逐渐向四周扩散，进而影响周围低值城市的现象.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of illegal dumping sites in the nature protected area: the Ojców National Park,Poland

The existence of illegal dumping continues to be a worldwide problem, even in nature protected areas, and its distribution is not random. An understanding of the distribution of illegal dumping sites is crucial for the enhancement of effective waste management systems. Therefore, this study aims at a better understanding of spatial and temporal changes to illegal dumping sites in a nature protected area (the Ojców National Park) from 1994 to 2016. The most important spatial factors that control the distribution of illegal dumping sites were the distance from roads and from the field-forest edge. In the last two decades, the number of small dumping sites has increased, whereas the number of large illegal dumping sites has decreased. Moreover, this study presents a model of the potential occurrence of illegal dumping sites, which indicates places that should be under the control of the national park and of local authorities.     

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Regional Water Use Profile Based on the Gini Coefficient and Location Quotient

Water resources have become a barrier hampering socioeconomic development. Changes in the spatial distribution of water use profile have direct impacts to regional water use efficiency. However, the related research is inadequate, and a more suitable way to analyze regional water use profile is necessary. The Gini coefficient and location quotient, two reliable methods commonly used in discussing the spatial distribution of elements, were introduced and calculated. Taking Gansu Province as the study area, the concentration effect of industrial water use was the strongest, followed by domestic, environmental, and agricultural water use. However, a balanced distribution of agricultural water use failed to be coordinated with the production conditions, the center of Gansu’s grain production should be established to enhance the scale effect of agricultural production. The industrial agglomeration effect remained weak, and each region’s dominant industries need to be developed vigorously. Gansu’s domestic water use was consistent with its population distribution, but it is necessary to reduce the water use gap between urban and rural areas. With a growing awareness of environmental protection, environmental water use exhibited a more balanced distribution. Overall, the methods are simple and have good applicability, and the results can provide a reference in water use optimization.     

碳排放约束下的农业生产效率及其空间格局——基于河南省65个村庄的调查

基于村庄尺度探索碳排放约束下的农业生产效率,对于差别化的低碳农业生产模式的选择具有一定的理论和实践意义。基于河南省65个村庄的调查数据,对不同样点的农业碳排放进行了核算,并采用Super-SBM模型分析了碳排放约束下的农业生产效率的差异。结果表明：河南省农业碳排放强度呈现“南北高,中间低”的空间分布格局,这主要受种植结构、农业生产条件、人类各项投入等因素的影响;碳排放约束下的河南省农业生产效率具有较大的空间差异,根据农业生产效率和碳排放强度的关系,可将样点村庄分为低碳高效村、高碳低效村、高碳高效村和低碳低效村四种类型。其中高碳低效村和低碳低效村的比例较大。建议未来应加强农业规模化经营、减少能源和物资投入、完善农业基础设施、推广节水节能新技术,在提高农业生产效率的同时推动农业低碳发展。     

西北地区县域生态系统服务的供需匹配——以甘肃古浪县为例

作为人类福利的源泉,生态系统服务的供需特征及匹配状况反映了区域生态与环境资源的空间配置,分析其供需匹配关系是评价与优化生态系统服务管理、促进生态系统服务供需平衡的重要前提。以西北地区河西走廊东端的古浪县为例,利用气象观测、土地利用、统计年鉴等多源数据,基于InVEST模型、ArcGIS等方法,分析古浪县2017年的产水、碳固持、食物供给和土壤保持四项生态系统服务的供需及其匹配状况。结果表明：（1）古浪县产水、碳固持、食物供给和土壤保持服务供给与需求的总量均表现出供大于求的状态,其供求总量差值依次为：12.45×10⁸ m³、21.55×10⁷ t、3.8×10⁷ t、1.28×10⁷ t,且不同类型的生态系统服务供给与需求存在明显差异。（2）古浪县各项生态系统服务供需匹配类型可划分为高供给高需求、低供给高需求、低供给低需求、高供给低需求,不同区域与不同生态系统服务间的匹配模式存在明显的空间异质性。（3）古浪县生态系统服务供需匹配表现出南中北空间差异性,且呈现集中连片的态势,说明匹配类型相同的乡镇存在“相邻相似”的特征。基于对生态系统服务的供给、需求及匹配状况的分析,进一步提出了不同匹配类型下生态经济发展、城镇化建设、生态可持续化管理、国土空间规划等方面的优化对策。