合肥市城市生活垃圾日月变化比较分析

通过对合肥市生活垃圾日、月产出量数据的比较分析,总结出合肥市生活垃圾月、年的变化趋势。城市生活垃圾在人口密集区明显要比人口稀疏区产出量大;根据温度变化在夏天比在冬天要多出很多;而在相同环境下商业消费的频繁与否也很大程度地影响生活垃圾产出量的多少,例如中国春节期间的生活垃圾产出量明显少于同月其他日子。结合合肥市的地理、人文等情况得出城市生活垃圾产出量的主要影响因素为:城市人口、经济水平和人均消费水平。人口基数大、增长快导致生活垃圾的巨增,大大加重了垃圾治理的负担。经济水平发展速度过快也使得垃圾的产生量和处理量不能相平衡,加速了环境的恶化。     

北京市生活垃圾产生量的预测研究

分析了影响北京市城市生活垃圾产生量的因素,采用多元回归分析方法建立了城市生活垃圾年产生量的预测模型.并采用该模型,对2013-2015年北京市城市生活垃圾年产生量进行了预测.结果表明,未来2年北京市城市生活垃圾产生量呈缓慢上升趋势,预计到2015年北京市城市生活垃圾产生量将达到662.4t.     

城市生活垃圾单流程回收模式及其应用

为了探索城市生活垃圾回收及资源化利用切合实际、行之有效的运作模式,以成都市四个居民小区作为生活垃圾单流程回收模式试点,分析了单流程回收模式的实施方案和运行过程;试验结果表明:小区居民参与率达77.1%,回收垃圾中可利用成分达91%,其中纸类占41%、塑料类占17%、纺织物类占27%;统计计算说明:每户每月回收可利用成分达2.2kg,环境、经济和社会效益显著。     

基于SolidWorks模具标准件库的开发

SolidWorks是采用面向对象技术开发的三维CAD软件.文中以VB为开发平台,通过调用SolidWorks的API函数,并利用ADO技术,以凸缘模柄为例详细介绍了开发模具标准件库的过程,对SolidWorks的二次开发和模具标准化技术的推广有重要的实用价值.     

西部山区坡地村落空间演进与农户生计改变

坡地村落是指分布在山地、丘陵坡面上的村庄,广泛分布于我国的山区聚落中,是我国乡村聚落的重要类型。西部山区是坡地村落分布的主要地区,"十二五"期间随着主体功能区规划的实施,不仅会影响坡地村落的空间重组和人口迁移,也会影响到坡地村落的农户生计和山区区域发展问题。论文以坡地村落空间演进和农户流动为切入口,借助黄土高原和西南山地典型地区的分析,运用GIS和大比例尺地形图分析了坡地村落空间集中和分散的基本特征。通过实地考察和问卷分析,剖析了村落空间演进和人口流动过程中农户耕地资产、收入、基本生活方式等主要生计的改变。结论认为,以减缓生态环境压力、调和人地矛盾和扭转经济贫困为最初目标的人口迁移,总体来说,有着显著的正效应,主要表现在退耕使生态用地比重得到提高、劳动力收入渠道拓宽、基础设施和社会公共服务得到显著改善等方面。     

采用模糊数学法对城市生活垃圾处理方法进行综合评价

采用模糊数学法的理论和方法对城市生活垃圾处理方法进行综合评价。     

Indoor and outdoor household dust contamination in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Despite some progress in reducing the average lead level in the USA, the streets of Cincinnati, Ohio, are still contaminated by heavy metals. High levels of heavy metals will have significant unequivocal ecological impacts and pose a potential health hazard. This study evaluates the level of heavy- metal contamination in household dust and examines its relationships with the external environment. Samples of outdoor and indoor dust were collected from middle-income residential homes in the Greater Cincinnati Metropolitan District and the metal content was analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Results showed that the mean levels of lead in outdoor and indoor dusts are 650 g g-1 and 377 g g-1 and the copper levels are 253 g g-1 and 510 g g-1, respectively. The median levels are 156 g g-1 and 139 g g-1 for outdoor and indoor lead dusts and 35 g g-1 and 124 g g-1 for outdoor and indoor copper dusts. The degree of contamination may be ascribable to the age of the dwelling unit and the neighbourhood, the time when the unit was last painted, the presence of pets and the type of space heating. In addition, car exhausts seems to be a possible source of contamination.     

农户经济行为的分析与土地可持续利用

本文以农户这一微观主体的土地利用模型为起点,通过分析我国现阶段工农业关系及采取的政策对农户利用土地进行农业生产的影响,提出了转换农业政策、促进土地可持续利用的对策。     

The operation of cost-effective on-site process for the bio-treatment of mixed municipal solid waste in rural areas

The application of on-site waste treatment significantly reduces the need for expensive waste collection and transportation in rural areas; hence, it is considered of fundamental importance in developing countries. In this study, the effects of in-field operation of two types of mini-scale on-site solid waste treatment facilities on de-centralized communities, one using mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion combined with composting (TPAD, 50 kg/d) and another using decentralized composting (DC, 0.6–2 t/d), were investigated. Source-separated collection was applied to provide organic waste for combined process, in which the amount of waste showed significant seasonal variation. The highest collection amount was 0.18 kg/capital day and 0.6 kg/household day. Both sites showed good performance after operating for more than 6 months, with peak waste reduction rates of 53.5% in TPAD process and 63.2% in DC process. Additionally, the windrow temperature exceeded 55 °C for >5 days, indicating that the composting products from both facilities were safe. These results were supported by 4 days aerobic static respiration rate tests. The emissions were low enough to avoid any impact on nearby communities (distance <100 m). Partial energy could be recovered by the combined process but with complicated operation. Hence, the choice of process must be considered in case separately.     

三峡库区小型垃圾堆放场生活垃圾的稳定化分析

三峡库区生活垃圾基本采取沿长江干流及支流两岸自然堆放,导致形成大量的小型的垃圾堆放场,采取有效的措施综合治理它们对于三峡库区的环境保护至关重要。分析并判别它们的稳定化状态直接关系到治理措施的有效性和针对性。本文主要通过分析三峡库区三个停止使用4～5年的小型垃圾堆放场不同位置垃圾的有机质、浸出液浓度(COD、TN与TP)和含水率,判别各垃圾样品的稳定化程度,进而确定垃圾堆放场的稳定化程度。