苏州市生活垃圾处理碳足迹核查

根据《PAS2050规范》的指导,结合生命周期评价技术方法和LandGEM模型,对苏州市生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理的生命周期过程进行了碳足迹核查. 详细列出了垃圾处理过程中可能的温室气体排放源,计算各排放源的电耗或能耗,并通过与温室气体排放系数相乘最终转化为苏州市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放量. 结果表明:苏州市填埋处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为1 942.47 kg,焚烧处理为-180.87 kg. 按照目前苏州市生活垃圾处理权重进行分配,可得苏州市处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为880.80 kg. 在整个核查过程中,考虑了在填埋和焚烧处理时发电对温室气体带来的减量效应.      

Acute toxicity of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservatives to freshwater planarian,Dugesia japonica

Fourteen benzophenone-type UV filters and four paraben preservatives were selected to examine their acute toxicities on Dugesia japonica. The 48-h LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to benzophenone-type UV filters can be ranked as oxybenzone?>?mexenone?>?5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone?> 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2-hydroxybenzophenone?>?dioxybenzone?>?benzophenone?>?2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone?>?4-hydroxybenzophenone?> 3-hydroxybenzophenone?>?4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone?>?2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone?>?sulisobenzone with a range from 0.9 to 145?mg?L^?1 with a similar sequence for the 96?h LC₅₀ values, ranging from 0.5 to 77?mg?L^?1. The 48 and 96?LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to paraben preservatives can be ranked as butylparaben?>?propylparaben?>?ethylparaben?>?methylparaben. Among all the tested chemicals, oxybenzone was the most toxic and sulisobenzone the least toxic chemical to planarian at each exposure period. Most benzophenone-type UV filters are toxic to aquatic animals with 48?h LC₅₀ values less than 10 mg?L^?1, except for 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone, and sulisobenzone. Because of their common occurrence in aquatic environment, more studies on aquatic toxicities of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservativs are needed to provide important information to adequately assess their ecological risk.     

International standardized procedures for in vivo evaluation of multi-walled carbon nanotube toxicity in water

The classical approach in ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical substances consists of conducting standardized bioassays on organism models. In this work, the potential impact of industrial multi-walled carbon nanotubes was investigated by ecotoxicological standardized procedures using aquatic organisms of different trophic levels, namely bacteria, green algae, invertebrates, fish, and amphibians. The results indicated (1) inhibition of growth in amphibians at 50 mg L^?1 and higher, and (2) no effects on daphnia and fish up to 100 mg L^?1. With the exception of algae (for which Fe deficiency is measured), it seems that the observed toxicity may be due to physiological effects in relation to the ingestion of carbon nanotubes not necessarily related to their intrinsic effects.     

Uniting multi‐adult households during emergency evacuation planning

When a no‐notice emergency prompts an evacuation, family members in different locations throughout a city may unite so that they can evacuate as a group. This paper draws on data from more than 300 interviews conducted in the metropolitan area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The study uses discrete choice models to analyse the expectations of respondents regarding whether their likely plans for evacuation involve gathering spouses, parents, adult‐age children, and/or non‐family members. In addition, it addresses the matter of whether respondents plan to reunite with family members at home. Individuals' access to a personal car is the dominating factor in predicting whether respondents plan to gather a spouse. Being the parent of a child under the age of 18 years increases the tendency to report planning to reunite with family members at home. Both commute mode and car availability are not significantly associated with plans to reunite at home.     

移殖“标准化”背角无齿蚌监测五里湖重金属污染

移殖生物因子相同、遗传质量稳定和污染本底值低的“标准化”背角无齿蚌至太湖五里湖,并以仍养殖在未受污染的中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心南泉基地的同批蚌作为对照,每3个月回收蚌样,应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)研究了重金属Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Ag、Cd、Ba、Tl和Pb的含量变化.结果表明,“标准化”背角无齿蚌对重金属的积累与特定的季节/时间密切相关,在夏季的含量明显低于春季.移殖五里湖3个月蚌样中Mo和Tl的含量显著高于相应的对照组(P<0.05),而前者Ba的含量显著低于后者(P<0.05).移殖五里湖6个月蚌样中As的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).综合重金属污染指数(MPI)和我国及国际上的相关限量标准评价显示,五里湖和南泉基地水体中重金属的含量处于相同水平,重金属污染均不明显.     

基于农户尺度的农业旱灾成灾风险评价与可持续发展

在对雨养和灌溉农业典型区农户问卷调查的基础上,提出了成灾风险的概念和评价思路,构建了农户尺度农业旱灾成灾风险的评价指标体系和模型;基于国家农村调查队的统计数据,对典型区农业旱灾成灾风险进行了评价,确定了人均纯收入2500和2750元,以及人均粮食产量200和800kg为几个影响农业旱灾成灾风险变化的临界值.最后,提出了雨养/灌溉农业典型区降低成灾风险的可持续发展策略,如波动的农牧业政策、提高自然降水利用率等.     

家户水灾社会脆弱性的评估方法研究——以长沙地区为例

中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一，研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有着极为重要的意义。但是，合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战。利用Hoovering改进模式，选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区，对研究区内的家户进行了社会脆弱性评价。结果表明，长沙市区的5个区内，高脆弱性家户最多的是天心区，最少的是雨花区。而就社区而言，高脆弱性家户最多的足裕南街街道和桔子洲街道。该结果反映了长沙不同行政区、社区社会脆弱性的差别，可供确定受援地区和受援人群及开展援助活动，乃至灾后日常风险管理参考。     

完善我国废旧家电回收体系——兼评家电“以旧换新”政策的回收策略

家电以旧换新政策出台的重要目标之一,就是构建我国规范性的废旧家电回收系统,以配合《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》的实施。我国现有废旧家电的回收体系是以民间回收系统为主导,虽然存在环境污染严重等问题,但契合了我国废旧家电回收的特性和国情,具有极强的生命力与竞争性。构建一套可行的废旧家电规范化回收体系,必须立足我国国情,以现有回收体系为基础,进行相应的规范化改造和完善。     

天津市居民生活消费CO2排放估算分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)碳排放计算指南(2006年版)中的计算公式和CO2排放系数缺省值,以居住综合消费碳排放、叠加交通消费碳排放计算模型为基础,应用碳排放系数法估算了2006~2008年天津市居民人均生活消费CO2排放量及其在总的能源消耗CO2排放量中所占比例.结果表明,2006~2008年天津市居民生活消费CO2排放量呈逐年上升趋势,2008年的排放量比2006年增加了13.7%.居民生活消费CO2排放在总的能源消耗CO2排放中所占比例整体呈上升趋势,并从产业结构和能源消费结构两个角度分析了导致这一现象的原因.