Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 M_w 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.     

我国居民生活垃圾分类处理研究综述

居民生活垃圾分类处理是我国生态建设研究的重要内容。随着绿色环保、循环经济的不断推进,如何有效处理居民生活垃圾是我国社会各界亟待解决的问题。以中国知网数据库20多年有关居民生活垃圾分类处理的研究文献为研究对象,对我国学界对此问题的研究状况进行了分析研究。自1996以来我国学界关于居民生活垃圾分类处理的研究不断增加;近15年的研究主题主要集中在我国居民生活垃圾分类回收现状、垃圾处理技术与方法、垃圾分类管理制度及运行机制、其他国家居民生活垃圾分类处理的先进经验介绍等几方面。在综合分析研究现状的基础上,反思现有研究有待加强改进之处,以期为我国居民生活垃圾分类和处理研究提供参考。     

日用陶瓷实施清洁生产技术的评价

清洁生产是一个系统工程 ,是对生产全过程以及产品的整个生命周期采取污染预防的综合措施。采用LCA的方法对日用陶瓷生产过程进行全面分析与评价 ,并提出了实施清洁生产的途径。     

中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究

农村居民煤炭消费牵涉到农村居民生活方式与能源转型、北方供暖清洁化改革、大气污染治理等重大改革实践,如何准确理解和研判现有的农村居民煤炭消费现状,并进而识别出科学、有效的减煤措施,已成为改善农村居民能源结构、治理农村地区煤炭消费、改善北方地区大气质量的重要手段之一。然而,现有对农村居民煤炭消费的统计数据可能存在一定低估,基础性数据的匮乏与不足严重阻碍了科学研究和公共决策。为了准确了解我国农村居民煤炭消费的现状、特征与空间分布,本文采用第三次中国家庭能源消费调查数据对农村居民的煤炭消费进行了核算,并针对户均煤炭消费量和地区农村居民煤炭消费总量进行了比较,在此基础上还考察了气候差异、资源禀赋、收入水平等因素对农村居民煤炭需求的影响。研究结果表明,2014年中国农村居民生活用煤炭消费总量为6 585.7万tce,平均每户煤炭消费量为347.2 kgce,其中供暖用煤占比96.9%,烹饪用煤占比3.1%。各省的户均煤炭消费和煤炭消费总量呈现显著的空间差异,其中:东北、西部地区农村居民户均煤炭消费量显著高于其他地区,北京及周边的河北、山东、山西、内蒙、辽宁和天津7个省、市的农村居民共消费了全国55%的农村生活用煤,其中北京周边的河北、山东和山西三省农村居民消费了全国46.6%的农村煤炭消费。地区煤炭资源禀赋、农村居民住房面积与供暖用煤需求显著正相关,而冬季户外温度、居民收入水平同煤炭需求之间关系不显著。未来政府应通过改善农村居民民生需求、推动农村能源转型、提高农村能源统计水平等途径来有效治理农村散煤消费。     

荷兰生活垃圾分类管理经验及启示

通过对荷兰生活垃圾分类管理和经验做法的介绍,分析荷兰居民生活垃圾源头减量的措施,以及对我国开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示.     

近岸海域水质自动监测规范化研究

为规范近岸海域水质自动监测,基于近岸海域水质监测要求和质控要求、近岸海域水质自动监测系统特点和近岸海域水质自动监测运行的经验,开展了近岸海域水质自动监测规范化研究,编制了《近岸海域水质自动监测技术规范》(HJ 731—2014),规范了近岸海域水质自动监测系统建设、设备选择、系统验收、日常管理、维护和校准、质量保证和质量控制、数据有效性和上报、监测报告等方面的工作。有利于在标准方法基础上,使中国近岸海域水质自动监测系统的监测数据准确、可靠、可比,有利于近岸海域水质自动监测系统在日常监测中更好地发挥作用。     

基于农户调查的农用地流转影响因素研究——以重庆市典型区(县)为例

农用地流转是充分发挥土地利用效益,实现农业规模化生产和产业化经营的一种积极探索,采用参与式农户评估法,以重庆市典型区(县)为例,对农用地流转的影响因素进行了探讨。分析结果表明:缺乏规范的操作程序与农用地流转中介组织、缺乏完善的社会保障体系以及区位条件的差异是影响重庆地区农用地流转的主要因素。建立健全农用地流转相关政策和农村社会保障制度,加速城镇化进程和加强农村基础设施建设对重庆地区的农用地流转具有积极的推动作用。     

微波消解-自动电位滴定法测定生活垃圾中的氯含量

建立用微波消解技术处理城市生活垃圾样品,以自动电位滴定法测定城市生活垃圾中的氯含量.讨论微波消解条件、自动电位滴定仪工作参数、酸度及干扰情况,并对城市生活垃圾中的氯含量进行测定,相对标准偏差＜2.5%,回收率为97%～102.5%.     

Reducing carbon emissions through improved household energy efficiency in the UK

A number of schemes to increase household energy efficiency have operated in the UK over the last 5–10 years. This paper evaluates their effectiveness in terms of reducing household energy use, carbon emissions and fuel poverty. It then draws on the quantitative results of these schemes, and published plans for their continuation, to model an extended and expanded Household Energy Efficiency Scenario to 2020, using an integrated economy–energy–environment model of the UK. The results suggest that while such schemes can play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions from households, much more ambitious schemes than those currently implemented will be necessary to offset the underlying growth in these emissions. Finally, the results are compared with the UK government's own estimates, in its Climate Change Programme, of carbon emission reductions from such schemes to 2010. The paper concludes that the government's estimates are somewhat optimistic, and that it will need substantial new policy measures beyond those already announced if its carbon reduction targets in this area are to be met. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.