Linking Landscape Characteristics and High Stream Nitrogen in the Oregon Coast Range: Red Alder Complicates Use of Nutrient Criteria

Red alder (Alnus rubra), a nitrogen(N)‐fixing deciduous broadleaf tree, can strongly influence N concentrations in western Oregon and Washington. We compiled a database of stream N and GIS‐derived landscape characteristics in order to examine geographic variation in N across the Oregon Coast Range. Basal area of alder, expressed as a percent of watershed area, accounted for 37% and 38% of the variation in summer nitrate and total N (TN) concentrations, respectively. Relationships between alder and nitrate were strongest in winter when streamflow and landscape connections are highest. Distance to the coast and latitude, potential surrogates for sea salt inputs, and watershed area were also related to nitrate concentrations in an all‐subsets regression analysis, which accounted for 46% of the variation in summer nitrate concentrations. The model with the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion did not include developed or agricultural land cover, probably because few watersheds in our database had substantial levels of these land cover classes. Our results provide evidence, at a regional scale, that background sources and processes cause many Coast Range streams to exceed proposed nutrient criteria, and that the prevalence of a single tree species (N‐fixing red alder) exerts a dominant control over stream N concentrations across this region.     

Psychological stress and marginalization as indicators of human carrying capacity in deforesting areas

SUMMARY

A scheme in which psychological factors are considered in effective forest management planning is proposed. A central role is played by human carrying capacity, the resilience of people to deal with the consequences of environmental degradation. Stress and marginalization are taken as indicators of human carrying capacity. A study in Côte d'Ivoire is described in which psychological stress and marginalization were studied in individuals from environments which show different degrees of degradation. Three related hypotheses are proposed: first that individuals living in or near a degrading forest are more stressed and marginalized than individuals in a reference group living in Abidjan; second that people living near the forest with the most sustained and severe degradation would be more stressed and marginalized; finally, that members of autochthonous cultural groups show higher stress and marginalization levels than members of migrant groups. The results of our study showed that people living near the degraded forest were more stressed but not marginalized unless the degradation was severe and sustained. Females were more stressed than males and members of both sexes from autochthonous cultural groups were more prone to stress and marginalization than members of migrant groups.     

云南省玉龙县碳减排效应估算

玉龙县碳减排效应估算主要包括退耕还林、造林、小水电、替代能源(包括沼气池和太阳能)使用等方面. 其中,造林具有较长期的碳汇功能,会持续提供碳增汇服务功能;替代能源的使用可以有效减少薪柴燃烧,在以农村人口为主的玉龙县,薪柴是主要的取暖和生活能源,故替代能源的使用颇具意义. 以2005年为基准年,小水电和替代能源总的碳减排效应为22.24×103 t,其中小水电碳减排效应为14.43 ×103 t,太阳能碳减排效应为66.24 t,沼气池碳减排效应为7.74×103 t;设定了基准年后林木生长过程以及替代能源使用状况的情景,并进行情景模拟,估算了玉龙县造林在5年内会产生碳汇21.07×103 t,10年内会产生碳汇24.92×103 t. 在研究区总的碳减排效应中,小水电、沼气池以及生态林地都有较大贡献,而经济林和草地的贡献相对较小;与5年情景相比,20年情景中小水电和沼气池的贡献有所上升,而生态林地等的贡献相对下降.      

Long-term simulation of the effect of climate changes on the growth of main Central-European forest tree species

The simulation of forest production until 2100 under different environmental scenarios and current management practices was performed using a process-based model BIOME-BGC previously parameterized for the main Central-European tree species, and adapted to include forest management practices. Three climatic scenarios (HadCM3, NCAR-PCM, CSIRO) used were taken from the IPCC database created within the 3^rd Assessment Report. They were combined with a scenario of CO₂ concentration development and a scenario of N deposition. The control scenario considered no changes of climatic characteristics, CO₂ concentration and N deposition.     

渝北不同模式水源涵养林植物多样性及其与土壤特征的关系

以重庆缙云山8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林及林地土壤为研究对象,用物种多样性指数(simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pieiou指数)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)以及用土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量12个指标表征土壤的物理性状和养分特征,分析了8种群落的植物多样性、土壤特征及二者的相互关系.结果表明:物种多样性以广东山胡椒(Lindera kwangtungensis)×杉木((7unninghamia anceolata)混交林最高.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×广东山胡椒混交林次之,马尾松×柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk)混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)纯林最低.各模式林地土壤特征差异显著,以毛竹纯林土壤质量最差.在该地区针阔混交林对提高物种多样性和改良土壤作用显著,针叶林及纯林则较差.物种多样性指数与土壤特征因子的相关性分析表明,不同模式水源林群落植物多样性与土壤特征因子存在一定相关性,其中与土壤物理性状特征关系不显著,与养分特征关系显著.全N与全K与四个多样性指数呈显著或极显著的正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和有机质、阳离子交换量、速效P呈显著的正相关,特别是有机质和全N两因子与物种多样性关系最密切.     

基于利益相关者的郊野型风景名胜区可持续发展评价研究——以湖北省为例

风景名胜区涉及的利益相关者来自不同的行业和部门,这些各有其目标和利益指向的组织或群体共同构成了一个错综复杂的利益网络。他们之间的利益均衡是风景名胜区可持续发展的根本保障。论文尝试构建了以利益均衡为目标的郊野型风景名胜区可持续发展评价系统,在指标体系建立的基础上,通过主成分分析和标准差法进行子系统发展水平评价、整体系统协调度与综合发展指数评价,并对湖北省郊野型风景名胜区进行了实践。结果显示,该评价系统能够帮助我们了解区域范围内各郊野型风景名胜区的可持续发展现状及利益相关者子系统发展水平,提出发展建议,对我国风景名胜区的规划、管理体制和政策制定等都具有一定的指导意义。     

地表臭氧污染与其他环境因子复合胁迫对中国城市森林的影响研究进展

地表臭氧污染（O₃）和气候变化加剧成为当今威胁城市森林可持续发展的关键环境要素.目前对于O₃单一因子对城市树木的影响研究已很难用于准确评估自然城市环境条件下由多种环境因子交互作用而产生的复杂生态效应.本文综述了O₃与二氧化碳（CO₂）、干旱、氮（N）沉降和升温的两两交互以及三因子交互作用对中国城市树木生理生化和生长的影响,探讨了O₃与其他环境因子对树木的交互作用机制过程.CO₂升高在光合代谢、抗氧化系统以及生长发育等方面能一定程度缓解O₃升高对树木的负效应.O₃和干旱的交互影响存在复杂的作用过程,可能协同加重植物损伤,也可能拮抗减轻植物伤害,或者无交互效应.O₃和N沉降对树木无交互效应.增温和O₃对树木存在显著的交互作用,增温减缓了O₃对树木生长和光合作用的不利影响.最后,还提出了未来研究的发展方向,为我国应对未来气候变化和空气污染下的城市森林管理及可持续发展提供科学指导.     

基于农户微观视角下的大城市郊区耕地土壤质量变化驱动机制研究

对耕地土壤质量变化驱动机制的研究是破解耕地质量变化规律及其效应的关键。利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合、统计分析和计量经济模型等分析方法,对研究区域238 个耕地地块的土壤采样数据和对应农户调查数据进行实证研究,结果表明,不同区域农户土地利用方式、程度和投入强度对耕地土壤质量的作用方向、影响程度和显著水平都不同。其中近郊区的农户“以兼业为主,以农为辅”,其行为突出表现为劳动力投入的“非农化”趋势,对耕地的粗放利用和掠夺式经营现象比较普遍,主要影响因素土地利用程度每增加一个单位,导致耕地土壤的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量平均下降11.496、44.078 和15.469 mg/kg;研究区域中部农户“以兼业为主”,突出表现为集约化程度比近郊区农户有所提高、种植结构也不断调整,对土地的投入、管理都得到很大的提高,主要影响因素土地利用方式转变会促使土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量平均提高4.799 g/kg、7.454 mg/kg、100.170 mg/kg 和61.205 mg/kg;远郊区的农户“以农为主”,突出表现为“非粮化”趋势,由于比较高的就业机会成本,种地收入超过农户预期,耕地集约化、规模化程度较高,主要影响因素土地投入强度每增加一单位,土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量平均增加0.007、0.025 和0.037 mg/kg。基于以上的研究结果,从提高农业生产比较效益、稳定农村土地承包关系和促进土地适度规模经营等方面提出规范农户土地利用行为,改善区域耕地土壤质量的政策建议。     

克州退耕还林工作的现状、问题及对策

干旱区的生态环境,特别是绿洲的开发,改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来对绿洲气候的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明,新疆南部干旱区最近几年的戈壁绿洲开发已改变了整个地州的气候变化,使其变为有利于人类的生存和发展。在戈壁绿洲的开发利用与环境变化之间,存在着2种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展;环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化,甚至消失。决定这2种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。本文针对此问题进行了论述。     

城郊乡村生活垃圾衍生燃料热解特性研究

将城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成粒径6.0 mm左右的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),采用热重(TG)分析和红外光谱等研究其热解特性.结果表明:(1)在RDF挥发分阶段和生物质挥发分阶段,助燃添加剂处于活泼分解阶段,加入了30％(质量分数)秸秆、玉米芯等生物质作助燃添加剂后的RDF(以下简写为混合RDF)分子碎片正发生内部氢重排,总体挥发分产物较多,并且有明显的二次裂解,失重提高到4.85 mg,失重率约提高12％.在RDF与生物质重叠的碳固定阶段,助燃添加剂失重率有一定提高,热重微分(DTG)峰值速率增加,为RDF碳固定阶段的进一步热解提供了良好的支持.(2)快加热产气速率均大于慢加热.(3)热解终温越高,越有利气体析出.(4)RDF的热解固体产率随着热解终温的升高而降低,在850℃时为31.9％;热解气体产率随着热解终温升高而迅速升高,在850℃时可达49.8％.(5)根据红外光谱图,城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成的RDF中所含的氯元素基本上以HCl形式释放.(6)一级动力学反应可以准确地描述物料热解过程.