干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型及应用——以中国新疆为例

干旱区旅游业在促进区域社会经济发展的同时,也加剧了地区的水资源供需矛盾。针对中国干旱区水资源禀赋及旅游产业的特点,提出干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型。按照旅游业产值对地区生产总值贡献率、旅游业从业人员占地区就业人员比例、地区水资源禀赋约束等指标,构建综合测算干旱区旅游业用水供给量测算模型;从旅游“食、住、行、游、娱、购”全要素视角,建立由餐饮水足迹、住宿水足迹、能源水足迹、游览水足迹、购物水足迹等账户组成的旅游业用水需求量测算模型;针对“供给”与“需求”水量的数量关系,利用组合分析方法,构建旅游业用水供需适配性程度指数评价模型,并设定评价阈值,测算干旱区旅游业用水供给与需求适配性程度的评价等级。实证分析了新疆2025年旅游业用水供需适配性程度,得出结论：为使旅游业用水维持在“供需基本平衡”或“供需平衡”的状态,新疆旅游业规模最高发展速度应在15%以内,同时新疆政府必须保持社会用水量年均节水率在0.95%及以上;而如某年发生突发性事件,则其之后年份的旅游业规模发展速度可放宽至20%。     

Research on three-dimensional visualization system of Natech events triggered domino accidents in oil-gas depots

Natech events and domino accidents happen worldwide and usually lead to severe consequences, especially in hazardous areas such as Oil-Gas depots. With the continuous development of the Oil-Gas industry and information technology, it is essential to realize the three-dimensional management and monitoring of hazardous substances. To evaluate the consequences caused by Natech events triggered domino accidents (accident chain), a matrix loop method was proposed to calculate the probability and evolution path of the accident chain. The actual layout and the real-time data of the Oil-Gas depot are input into the evaluation method in matrices, thus making the results reliable and updated. Besides, a B/S architecture system is developed to present the evaluation consequences of the proposed method. The three-dimensional visualization effects of natural disasters, technological accidents and the dynamic propagation process of the accident chain are also realized in the system to enhance the user's experience. A system application regarding lightning-triggered domino accidents was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and rapidity of the proposed evaluation method and perform the system's operation process and visualization effects. The application results show that the system can provide effective decision-making assistance to safety management workers before the accident and guidance for emergency rescue operations during the accident.     

基于FDA模型的地铁列车洪淹事故致因分析*

为了从安全信息视角探究地铁列车洪淹事故原因,基于FDA（Forecast-Decision-Action）事故致因模型和真实事故案例,构建由个体（地铁行车人员）、自组织（地铁运营企业）和他组织（应急主管部门）3个事故致因子模型组成的地铁列车洪淹事故FDA致因模型,并针对安全管理重要环节提出事故预防建议。研究结果表明:阻断事故致因主链或子链、保证必要安全信息充分且完备、防范安全欺骗行为,可有效预防地铁列车洪淹事故,通过实证案例分析验证FDA模型可显著提升地铁防洪应急管理水平。     

塑料供水管向自来水中释放邻苯二甲酸酯的规律及影响因素研究

添加邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）增塑剂的塑料管道被广泛用于自来水管道系统,存在健康风险.然而,塑料管道是否是自来水中PAEs的污染来源仍了解不足.因此,本文探究了两种常用管材—硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）、聚丙烯（PPR）的新管道和人为磨损管道,在不同水力停留时间和余氯浓度下向水样中释放PAEs的规律.结果表明,人为磨损会使管道中PAEs向自来水中的总释放量增多,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）最为明显,且人为磨损管道释放PAEs的速率大于新管道.对于不同管材的管道,PPR管道PAEs的释放量小于UPVC管道,因而针对PAEs污染,PPR管道可能比UPVC管道更安全.在所有实验中,添加余氯可使水中PAEs浓度整体更低,且余氯浓度越高,平衡时的PAEs浓度越低,因而 推测PAEs可能会与余氯发生化学反应.本研究揭示了塑料管道作为自来水中PAEs的来源之一,向水体中释放PAEs的规律及影响因素,从而为自来水水质安全的控制提供了新的关注点.     

Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.     

桂林市水环境问题分析与对策

本文分析了桂林市面临的缺水、水污染严重、水环境设施不足、水旱灾害加剧等水环境问题及原因，并探讨了解决问题的对策：对水资源的保护与开发实行统一规划和管理；保护水源林，提高林木覆盖率；采取适当的蓄水补水工程措施；提高环保投入，加强污染综合防治；节约用水大有潜力；合理布局，优化产业结构     

Prenatal diagnosis of respiratory chain deficiency by direct mutation screening

Respiratory chain deficiency (RCD) is responsible for a clinically heterogeneous group of early-onset untreatable disorders. Enzymological prenatal diagnosis (PD) can only be offered to a fraction of families. Moreover, due to the two-fold genetic origin of the respiratory chain (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and owing to the large number of nuclear genes involved in the respiratory chain assembly, maintenance and functioning, the identification of the disease causing gene in a given family remains challenging. Here, we report on PD of RCD by direct screening of NDUFV1, SDH-Fp, SCO1 and SURF1 mutations in five unrelated families with complex I, II and IV deficiency, respectively. The identification of the disease-causing gene in a given family with RCD is a major issue to provide both adequate genetic counselling and early, reliable PD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高校水管理方法研究述评

创建节水型校园,既是降低办学成本的要求,也是培养学生节水意识、节水习惯的重要途径,同时也符合可持续发展的思想。首先阐述了加强高校用水管理的必要性;其次,综述了国内外各类水系统管理的研究现状;然后,从供水、用水和排水三个方面分析了高校水系统管理研究的现状,指出了目前高校水系统管理的研究内容单一,整体研究缺乏等不足之处,最后提出了未来高校中水回用管理,雨水资源化管理,分质供水管理,水系统监管平台的建立等研究热点。     

给水管网生物膜反应器及分子生物学研究方法进展

饮用水在经管道输送到用户的过程中,微生物附着到管网内壁生长形成生物膜。生物膜的存在会引起一系列水质问题如病原菌的生长、色度和浊度的变化、管道的腐蚀等,对人类饮用水安全构成威胁。而且生物膜对消毒剂有顽强的抗性,一旦形成就难以控制。所以生物膜一直是给水管网研究的热点和难点。但是给水管网中生物膜的实际采样研究比较困难,而且实际取样无法连续监测生物膜形成的动态变化过程,因此用反应器实验模拟研究生物膜显得尤为重要。另外,随着技术的进步,研究给水管网生物膜不仅仅局限于传统的培养方法,还出现了一些新手段如现代分子生物学技术和显微镜图像分析技术,以便更加科学、合理地了解给水管网生物膜,从而保障城市供水的安全。文章重点介绍几种常见的用于研究给水管网生物膜的反应器及生物膜的研究方法,并对其原理及优缺点作了简要的讨论。