CLIMATIC VARIATION AND SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN THE GREAT BASIN REGION1

ABSTRACT: There is mounting evidence that increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to significant changes in global climate during the next century. The possible effects of such climatic changes on surface runoff in the Great Basin Region of the western United States has been investigated by applying water balance models to four watersheds in Nevada and Utah. The most probable change, a 2°C increase in average annual temperature coupled with a 10 percent decrease in precipitation, would reduce runoff from 17 to 28 percent of the present mean, with drier basins showing the greatest change. Decreasing precipitation by 25 percent causes runoff reductions of 33 to 51 percent. Equivalent changes to a cooler and wetter climate show corresponding increases in runoff of approximately the same magnitude, but such a shift is not considered likely. Based on projected water requirements for the year 2000, a change to a warmer and drier climate would cause severe water shortages in many parts of the Great Basin.     

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND WATER RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT The Las Vegas Valley in southern Nevada has provided ample opportunity for mission oriented water resources research, and, to some extent, application of those research results. Past studies of the ground-water systems have resulted in the construction of a direct electrical analog, two digital simulation models, a Hele-Shaw fluid analog, a linear programming model, and two dynamic programming models. The work accomplished has dealt with the problems of groundwater management, waste water reclamation and artificial recharge, and conjunctive use water management. The current study is attempting to integrate previous results and new work into a detailed and realistic conjunctive use water resource management model to achieve system efficiency under more than one criteria. The research team is interdisciplinary in nature and encompasses the physical and social sciences.     

CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SEA AND FRESH WATER RESOURCES: AN INTEGER PROGRAMMING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT Mathematical models are formulated for selection of water resources projects to meet the future additional water requirements of a given region at the minimum present worth cost. The projects available are surface water reservoirs and desalination plants. The modles are used for selecting both the development sequence of projects and their optimum sizes. Decisions with regard to planning time horizon and discount rates are made outside of the mathematical model. The algorithm used for solving these models is an integer programming routine using the implicit enumeration technique. Some computational results are presented for a hypothetical case.     

REAPPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES IN DELAWARE RIVER BASIN USING SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT The 60's drought (1961 1966) which hit the Northeastern United States, had its center over the Delaware River Basin and caused water supply shortages to New York City, Philadelphia, and many other towns and industries in the Basin. Until this event occurred, the existing water supply sources and those planned for the future had been considered adequate, as they were designed for the worst drought of record (usually the 1930-31 drought). In view of this “change in hydrology,” the Delaware River Basin Commission authorized a study (DRBC Resolution 67-4) to re-evaluate the adequacy of existing and planned water supply sources of the Delaware River Basin and its Service Area (New York City and northern New Jersey). Synthetic hydrology is a tool which can be used to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional approach. By analyzing generated streamflow traces in this study, it has been determined that there is a definite relationship between the accumulated rainfall deficiency during the drought and the return periods associated with various durations of runoff in the drought. This indicated that generated traces can be used to standardize the hydrology over an area where the intensity of drought varied. This represented an important facet in the study, because it provided a means to equalize the effects of this drought over the study area, and gave the Delaware River Basin Commission more information so that it could better plan and manage its water resources equitably, not only for the people within the Basin, but for the New York City and northern New Jersey areas as well. Synthetic hydrology was used to determine yield-probability relationships for 50-year periods, and storage-yield-frequency relationships for existing and planned water-supply reservoirs. It was also used to determine yield-probability relationships for reservoir systems within the Basin. In the study, it was determined that monthly streamflow traces and uniform draft rates could be used in yield analysis because of the magnitude of the reservoirs and because seasonal variations of draft rate are small in the study area. Although it was found that with the streamflow generating models (first order Markov) in common use today, it is not possible to definitely determine the actual frequency of a very severe historic drought, it is possible to place a drought in perspective by using synthetic hydrology. The study showed that it is a useful tool in determining water availability over a basin and is useful in studying water management problems such as interbasin transfers, and reservoir systems operations.     

链式风险评估方法研究及工程应用

为解释工程中各类风险事件间存在的关联机理,将风险事件间的关联关系提炼为链式结构,给出了工程链式风险评估的整套流程和方法。以内罗毕国家公园特大桥施工期生态、灾害、安全风险全过程风险评估为例,阐明了该方法的应用过程,并与独立风险评估方法进行了比较。研究结果表明:链式风险评估方法计算量较大,评估步骤较为繁杂,当风险事件数量较大时其可操作性较差;当对某几项风险极为关注时,对其进行小范围的链式风险分析可使评估结果更加真实全面。 工程链式风险评估方法具有可行性和适用性。     

基于直觉模糊集的城市供水安全预警评价模型

为了更好地评价城市供水安全预警的等级,基于直觉模糊集理论,建立城市供水安全预警评价模型。模型选取12个评价指标构成属性集,预警等级划分标准构成评价等级集,再将二者转换为直觉模糊数,以此构成直觉模糊决策矩阵,并综合主、客观权重的优势得到组合权重,以此计算样本综合值,最后分析指标权重变化对于评价结果影响的灵敏度。实例计算结果表明:基于直觉模糊集的城市供水安全预警评价与可拓物元分析法的结果总体接近,2006—2009年供水安全预警等级处于重警或中警等级,2009年以后预警等级降低并基本稳定在无警这一等级。不同指标的敏感性分析有助于提高权重的准确性。     

基于ARIMA-MC模型钢铁企业高炉煤气发生量预测

为了预测钢铁企业高炉煤气发生量,本文用ARIMA模型及马尔科夫链建立了ARIMA-MC模型对高炉煤气的发生量进行预测。结合某钢铁企业实际的原始数据,通过实验,随机抽取多组测试结果中的两组,1#和2#各30个点进行预测,结果表明预测平均相对误差分别为2.27%、3.03%。实验结果证明新算法的有效性。     

煤矿事故预测的马尔可夫SCGM(1,1)c模型的建立与应用

煤矿安全是煤矿生产的重要保障,煤矿事故预测是煤矿安全评价和决策的基础。结合灰色SCGM(1,1)_c预测模型和马尔可夫链理论的优点,根据煤矿生产的特殊条件,提出了基于马尔可夫链的SCGM(1,1)_c预测模型。首先利用灰色SCGM(1,1)_c预测模型对我国1990—2010年的煤矿事故百万t死亡率进行初次预测,然后根据初次预测结果,利用残差模型对SCGM(1,1)_c模型预测结果进行修正。最后在修正模型的基础上,运用马尔可夫SCGM(1,1)_c模型对我国2011—2013年煤矿事故百万t死亡率进行了预测,并对两种模型的预测误差进行了对比分析。结果表明,马尔可夫SCGM(1,1)_c预测模型既能揭示煤矿事故百万t死亡率变化的总体趋势,又能克服随机波动性数据对预测精度的影响,具有较强的工程实用性。     

The effect of salinity on waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation and kinetic analysis

The effect of salinity on sludge alkaline fermentation at low temperature(20°C) was investigated, and a kinetic analysis was performed. Different doses of sodium chloride(Na Cl, 0–25 g/L) were added into the fermentation system. The batch-mode results showed that the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased with salinity. The hydrolysate(soluble protein, polysaccharide) and the acidification products(short chain fatty acids(SCFAs), NH+4–N, and PO_4~(3-)–P) increased with salinity initially, but slightly declined respectively at higher level salinity(20 g/L or 20–25 g/L). However, the hydrolytic acidification performance increased in the presence of salt compared to that without salt.Furthermore, the results of Haldane inhibition kinetics analysis showed that the salt enhanced the hydrolysis rate of particulate organic matter from sludge particulate and the specific utilization of hydrolysate, and decreased the specific utilization of SCFAs. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the importance of polysaccharide on the accumulation of SCFAs was reduced with salt addition, but the importance of protein and NH+4–N on SCFA accumulation was increased.