中国重化工业资源消耗的社会经济驱动力

基于投入产出模型和中国投入产出表,从需求端分析中国重化工业资源消耗的隐含流在不同行业和不同最终需求中的分配情况,以及五大社会经济驱动力对中国重化工业资源消耗增长的贡献度.结果表明,2012年中国重化工业生产过程所消耗的3种资源隐含在建筑业和其他制造业的最终产品中的比例均超过75%,隐含在形成资本最终产品中的比例均超过55%.2002~2012年期间,产业结构对中国重化工业化石能源和石灰石消耗量增加的贡献度分别为+39%和+237%;资源强度对中国重化工业化石能源和石灰石消耗量减少的贡献度分别为-108%和-265%,对中国重化工业铁矿石消耗量增加的贡献度为+152%;人均最终需求水平对中国重化工业化石能源、铁矿石和石灰石消耗量增加的贡献度分别为+247%,+460%和+291%.     

Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis

Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS?>?SDS?>?NSS?>?BS?>?MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.     

中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调性研究

结构式与非结构式减灾措施是构成洪涝灾害防治体系的两个相互补充、相互促进的子系统,基于2008—2018年的面板数据,构建中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调度评价指标体系,引入耦合协调度模型测度中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施建设水平以及两者间的耦合度和耦合协调度,以期进一步提升我国洪涝灾害防治体系的防灾减...     

Temporal and spatial patterns and driving factors of cultivated land change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

随着经济快速发展、城镇化进程加快以及人口基数不断增加,在城市用地不断向外扩张以及生态退耕措施的影响下,耕地面积呈逐年减小的趋势.这一现象加剧了农业发展与其他要素间的矛盾,对区域粮食安全也产生重要影响,因此,探讨耕地面积时空变化及其驱动机制对保障区域粮食安全具有现实意义.分析青藏高原地区1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年、2018年的耕地面积数据,结合户籍人口、地区生产总值(GDP)、粮食单产等统计年鉴资料解析影响其变化的主要驱动因子.结果表明:(1)青藏高原近40年耕地面积变化总体经历缓慢增加、显著增加和缓慢递减3个阶段,整个变化过程中耕地主要流失方向为林地和草地,分别占总流失面积的50.99%和32.02%,主要原因为退耕还林还草等政策的实施,其次为建设用地和水域增加.(2)耕地转为非耕地的地区主要集中在四川西部、云南西北部、青海东部,而耕地转入地区主要集中在青藏高原中部.以地市州来看,拉萨、海东、海西、阿坝、林芝等地区耕地面积变化特征以缓慢递增为主;西宁、黄南、甘孜、甘南等地区的耕地面积则呈缓慢递减的变化趋势.(3)主成分分析和结构方程模型结果显示影响耕地面积减少的主要驱动因素包括经济社会发展和粮食生产.其中经济和社会因素对耕地面积变化产生的影响为负值,社会因素产生的负影响最大,为-0.224,人口基数增长、建设用地扩张、土地利用转型要求以及二、三产业红利的吸引都会导致耕地面积减小.本研究揭示了青藏高原地区近40年耕地变化情况及流失方向,耕地面积波动主要受到经济社会因素以及政策因素的影响;上述结果可为今后国家粮食安全及当地生态环境可持续发展提供理论参考.(图7表8参45)     

The widening urbanization gap between the Three Northeast Provinces and the Yangtze River Delta under China’s economic reform from 1984 to 2014

Urbanization has created a significant gap between the Three Northeast Provinces (TNP) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) since China’s reform and opening-up. In this study, we explain this problem by employing an urban expansion index, spatial hierarchical clustering, the Zipf-PLE model, fractal theory, and time-series analysis. Statistical data on the built-up area, population, and gross domestic product were downloaded from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The results revealed the following. (1) During the stage of the planned economy, as a result of the significant government investment in development, the urban built-up areas in the TNP and the YRD reached 1867 and 757 km², respectively, in 1984. (2) During the stage of the socialist market economy, the urban built-up area of the YRD experienced rapid growth over the 30 years from 1984 to 2014 with a rate of increase of 668.8%, which was higher than that of the TNP (139.9%). In 2014, the urban built-up areas of the TNP and the YRD were 4479 and 5820 km², respectively. (3) Locational advantages had significant effects on urban development after China’s economic reform. The coastal cities of the YRD had higher rates of increase of the built-up areas. By contrast, the border cities of the TNP had lower rates of increase. Finally, this paper finds that the socialist market economy exhibited more efficiency in promoting urban expansion and economic development. The results are significant for generating balanced and sustainable regional development strategies in the future.     

Organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices in India: integrating institutional theory and corporate environmental responsibility

Organizations are increasingly engaging in socially and environmentally sustainable initiatives. This paper focuses on the institutional isomorphism mechanisms to analyse the organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices like eco-design, source reduction, and environmental management practices. This paper empirically examines the role of institutional influence in the organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices among firms in India. The results of this study confirm the significance of the three institutional isomorphism mechanisms in influencing sustainable responses, but not all mechanisms influence the organizational response equally. In particular, the results show a strong influence of self-regulatory normative isomorphism on the implementation.     

改性生物炭特性表征及对冶炼厂周边农田土壤铜镉形态的影响

生物炭及其改性材料由于具有较发达的比表面积和孔隙结构、丰富的表面官能团及较强的吸附能力等特性,被作为良好的环境修复材料而成为农田土壤重金属污染修复领域的研究热点.选取稻壳生物炭,采用K₃PO₄、KMnO₄和NaOH进行改性处理,利用扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FT-IR）等对生物炭表面微观形态与结构进行表征分析,并开展了90 d土壤培养试验,比较分析3种改性生物炭对冶炼厂周边农田复合重金属污染土壤中Cd和Cu的有效性和形态的影响.结果表明,改性后生物炭表面粗糙,比表面积和孔容均有不同程度的增大,其中,NaOH改性生物炭变化最为明显,分别由改性前的4.96 m²·g^-1和0.02 cm³·g^-1增至60.79 m²·g^-1和0.12 cm³·g^-1,孔径变化则与之相反;改性生物炭的官能团吸收特征峰值均发生改变,其中K₃PO₄改性生物炭的变化最为明显.添加不同改性生物炭均能显著提高土壤pH值（P<0.05）,K₃PO₄改性生物炭对土壤pH的增幅最大,为20.5%;K₃PO₄改性生物炭对土壤中Cu和Cd的有效态含量的影响也最为明显,分别降低了75.44%和67.70%;土壤中Cu和Cd的水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态比例均降低,其中K₃PO₄改性生物炭对Cu和Cd的钝化效果最好,添加量为2%时,钝化效率分别为61.06%和4.12%,Cu的钝化效率远高于Cd.综上所述,K₃PO₄改性生物炭对复合污染土壤中Cu和Cd具有较强的钝化效果.     

高处坠落事故的人因失误与干预策略研究

为系统分析导致高处坠落人因事故的产生机理,通过统计152起建筑工程高处坠落事故的调查与分析报告,从组织影响、安全监管、不安全行为前提条件和不安全行为等4个层次,辨识影响高处坠落事故的人为失误因素,修订人为因素分析与分类系统框架（HFACS）。设计高处坠落人因失误调查问卷,开展一线高处作业人员问卷调查,建立高处坠落人因失误结构方程模型,对导致高处坠落事故的人为失误因素进行路径分析。结果表明:各潜在因素间均呈正相关,且高处坠落人因失误事故的关键路径为资源管理不到位→安全监督培训不充分→班组管理不良→操作违规。综合各因素间相关性,提出了针对性的预防高处坠落事故的人因干预策略。     

改革开放40年与中国生态环境规划发展

改革开放40年,生态环境保护随着社会经济的发展而深入发展,生态环境规划与生态环境保护事业同时起步。40年,来编制了9个五年生态环境规划,经历了从无到有、从简单到完善的发展过程,逐步形成了有层次、分类型、多样化的规划体系,规划理念、技术、方法取得了重大进展,规划实践探索丰富多样,对我国生态环境保护工作发挥了统领性作用。十八大以来,生态文明建设体制改革深入推进,十九大确立了美丽中国的宏伟目标,经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护统筹推进。在新的历史阶段,生态环境规划将进一步发挥基础性、统领性、战略性和创新性作用,为美丽中国建设作出更大贡献。     

互花米草入侵对胶州湾湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对滨海湿地土壤磷循环的影响,基于时空互易原则,选择胶州湾湿地互花米草区(SA区)和光滩区(MF区)为研究靶区,分析了互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)及其组分含量的差异性以及影响因素.结果表明,互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中TP(472.70 mg·kg^-1)和IP(239.00 mg·kg^-1)平均含量明显高于入侵前光滩区TP(386.19mg·kg^-1)和IP(212.68 mg·kg^-1)含量,增幅分别为22.40%和12.38%.研究区无机磷组分以钙磷(Ca-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的45%～61%和31%～49%.互花米草入侵后,10～30 cm层土壤Ca-P含量显著降低(P <0.05),7月尤为明显;Fe-P含量显著增加(P <0.05),0～40 cm土壤层含量高于40～60 cm层(P <0.05),并且7月在10～40 cm土壤表现出明显富集现象.通过结构方程模型发现互花米草入侵后有机质(OM)对TP和Fe-P有显著正...