苏北沿海沉积物的化学组成和重金属特征

苏北沿海沉积物的主要矿物组成为石英、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石，主元素化学成分变化较大，反映沉积物物质组成差异大。重金属元素分析显示，Cd的富集系数明显高于其它元素，较高的还有Cu和Cr，Hg元素大多低于背景值；连云港、射阳、启东三个地方的变异系数较高，反映它们受人类活动影响大。比较连云港区沉积物不同时间的重金属含量发现，几乎所有重金属都明显增加，特别是新港区。对照沉积物质量标准，Cr的污染最严重，其次是Cd、Cu和As。     

福州山仔水库底泥磷释放规律的研究

时福州山仔水库底泥中磷的释放规律研究结果表明：影响山仔水库底泥磷释放的主要因素是上覆水中的磷浓度、温度和溶解氧。并通过对底泥样品中的各种磷形态含量与上覆水中的磷浓度进行线性相关分析，均具有良好的相关性。     

徐州市区故黄河底泥重金属污染研究

通过对故黄河表层底泥和底泥剖面样重金属元素含量的系统测试,运用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对故黄河底泥进行了重金属污染程度评价。地积累指数法评价结果表明,故黄河底泥基本未受Cr、Ni的污染,个别采样点受到重金属元素Cu和Pb的中等程度污染,大部分采样点受到Zn的中等程度及以上污染,且Zn含量分布范围宽,最大值与最小值相差较大。主要重金属元素的污染程度依次为:Zn>Cu>Pb。潜在生态指数法评价结果表明,故黄河底泥内重金属污染对生态的潜在危害很轻。     

黄河中游水保措施对入黄干支流泥沙特性的影响:Ⅰ. 泥沙粒径变化

过去关于水土保持措施影响的研究多侧重于减水减沙的影响,对泥沙组成影响的研究则相对较少。本文以大量的实测资料为依据,以河口至龙门间区域自然与水土保持条件为背景,将水保措施类型、河道水流泥沙条件与流域地貌条件结合考虑,借助统计分析方法对采用水保措施前后该区域（尤其是与黄河中游水土流失密切相关的黄土高原与沙砾丘陵区域）的泥沙粒径分布变化进行了探讨。分析表明,泥沙粒径分布变化极其复杂,对应于不同地貌类型条件的泥沙组成遵循不同的分布规律。黄土丘陵区河流中的悬移质泥沙级配服从正态分布规律,而沙砾丘陵区河流中的泥沙级配则服从皮Ⅲ型分布规律。当分布函数的类型确定后,泥沙粒径分布由该分布函数的几个参数共同决定,这些参数分别反映了泥沙从流域表层搬运到对应级别河流的过程中地貌形态及水土保持措施的影响。文中由多学科综合研究得到的结论,对黄河中游水土保持效益研究具有重要意义。     

湘江衡阳段沉积物对硝态氮的吸附特性研究

为探究沉积物对水体中硝态氮的吸附特性,以湘江衡阳段上游沉积物为研究对象,通过室内模拟吸附试验,探讨沉积物吸附硝态氮的影响因素、动力学规律及吸附等温线特征,并且利用SEM、FTIR等表征手段揭示吸附机理。结果表明,环境因素的改变会对硝态氮的吸附产生一定影响,泥水比的增大使沉积物的固体浓度效应明显,吸附量减小;硝态氮初始质量浓度越高,吸附量越大;温度越低越有利于沉积物对硝态氮的吸附;扰动速率偏高和偏低都会使吸附量减小。吸附过程在60 min后逐渐达到稳定,其吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型方程和Langmuir等温吸附方程,以化学吸附和单分子层吸附为主。SEM表征分析表明,沉积物呈粗糙多孔的片层结构,具有较多的吸附位点;FTIR表征分析表明,沉积物对硝态氮有一定的吸附作用,沉积物中含有羟基、酰基等多种基团,与硝态氮反应的机理主要表现为置换和吸附作用。     

滇池疏浚底泥中重金属对蔬菜种植生态安全的影响

滇池疏浚底泥富含蔬菜需求的营养成分,农用可提高土壤保水肥能力,改良土壤的适耕性,有利于植物的生长发育,有一定的增产效果,但可能存在重金属污染问题。通过底泥试验及加入石灰钝化试验,对生菜、白菜、棒菜和萝卜4种蔬菜施用疏浚底泥作为有机肥进行种植,分析底泥农用后其重金属对蔬菜的影响,并进行风险评价。结果表明,盆栽试验中,底泥施用量控制在5%(0.05 kg/kg)内且加入石灰改良后,蔬菜中Cu和Cd含量显著降低,但对Pb、Zn效果不明显。叶菜类蔬菜(生菜、白菜、棒菜)重金属富集能力(BCF)从大到小均表现为Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu,而块茎类萝卜BCF表现为Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu。研究表明,化学致癌物Cd与非化学致癌物Pb、Zn、Cu引起的健康风险均在终身可接受风险水平。     

舟山潮差带海相沉积物的物理和化学特征

为舟山潮差带海相沉积物固结机理的深入研究提供物质基础,采用激光粒度仪分析了海相沉积物的粒度组成,并测试了海相沉积物的化学元素、化合物种类及其相对含量,还使用X-射线衍射技术分析了海相沉物的矿物组成。结果表明:海相沉积物含水率高、初始孔隙比大、呈流塑状,为低液限粉质黏土;活性指数为12.4,属于活动黏性土,矿物的亲水性较好;全盐含量高达9~11.2 g/kg,阳离子交换能力不强,有机质含量(5.82~12.7 g/kg)较高;pH 值为7.35~8.36,呈弱碱性,加上孔隙水中K+ ,Na+ ,Ca2+ ,Mg2+ 的存在,使得高岭石常不稳定,有向伊利石、蒙脱石或绿泥石转化的趋势。     

Impact of Climate and Land Use Change on Streamflow and Sediment Yield in a Snow‐Dominated Semiarid Mountainous Watershed

This study investigates the impact of climate and land use change on the magnitude and timing of streamflow and sediment yield in a snow‐dominated mountainous watershed in Salt Lake County, Utah using a scenario approach and the Hydrological Simulation Program — FORTRAN model for the 2040s (year 2035–2044) and 2090s (year 2085–2094). The climate scenarios were statistically and dynamically downscaled from global climate models. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes were estimated in two ways — from a regional planning scenario and from a deterministic model. Results indicate the mean daily streamflow in the Jordan River watershed will increase by an amount ranging from 11.2% to 14.5% in the 2040s and from 6.8% to 15.3% in the 2090s. The respective increases in sediment load in the 2040s and 2090s is projected to be 6.7% and 39.7% in the canyons and about 7.4% to 14.2% in the Jordan valley. The historical 50th percentile timing of streamflow and sediment load is projected to be shifted earlier by three to four weeks by mid‐century and four to eight weeks by late‐century. The projected streamflow and sediment load results establish a nonlinear relationship with each other and are highly sensitive to projected climate change. The predicted changes in streamflow and sediment yield will have implications for water supply, flood control and stormwater management.     

Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI): A Model for Evaluating Unpaved Road Erosion and Stream Sediment Delivery

The Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI) is a new geographic information system–based model to assess erosion and delivery of water and sediment from unpaved road networks to streams. READI quantifies the effectiveness of existing road surfacing and drain placements in reducing road sediment delivery and guides upgrades to optimize future reductions. Roads are draped on a digital elevation model and parsed into hydrologically distinct segments. Segments are further divided by engineered drainage structures. For each segment, a kinematic wave approximation generates runoff hydrographs for specified storms, with discharge directly to streams at road–stream crossings and onto overland‐flow plumes at other discharge points. Plumes are attenuated by soil infiltration, which limits their length, with delivery occurring if plumes intersect streams. Sediment production and sediment delivery can be calculated as a relative dimensionless index. READI predicts only a small proportion of new drains and new surfacing results in the majority of sediment delivery reductions. The model illustrates how the spatial relationships between road and stream networks, controlled by topography and network geometries, influence patterns of road–stream connectivity. READI was applied in seven northern California basins. The model was also applied in a recent burn area to examine how reduced hillslope infiltration can result in increased hydrologic connectivity and sediment delivery.     

华阳河湖群沉积物内源磷释放风险及控制策略

为研究沉积物内源磷释放对浅水湖泊水体总磷的影响,以华阳河湖群为对象,根据不同季节全湖水质监测数据,分析总磷的空间和季节性分布特征;结合沉积物间隙水磷浓度数据,采用浓度梯度扩散模型估算湖泊沉积物内源磷静态释放量;基于2019年在线水质监测站连续数据,分析典型沉积物再悬浮过程内源磷释放对水体总磷贡献及估算其年累积释放量.结果表明:①华阳河湖群现场监测总磷浓度变化范围为0.014~0.297 mg/L,龙感湖与黄大湖总磷浓度空间变幅大于泊湖;②典型再悬浮过程中内源磷动态释放对水体总磷的贡献可达75%,华阳河湖群内源磷的年释放量在1.129×104~1.684×104 t之间;③静态的内源磷年释放量为12.92 t,仅占动态释放量0.1%.研究显示:华阳河湖群总磷浓度时空差异较大,内源磷释放对总磷短期波动具有重要作用,静态释放量对全年内源磷释放量的贡献几乎可以忽略;严格控制入湖营养盐通量的同时,恢复草型湖泊生态系统以控制内源释放已成为解决华阳河湖群水环境问题的重要管理决策方向.