重庆市耕地资源可持续利用研究

分析了重庆市耕地资源利用现状、利用中存在的主要问题及其产生的原因 ,提出了重庆市耕地资源可持续利用的相应对策。     

伊犁地区农业生态环境与可持续发展—“1515”工程在伊犁地区的实施及生态环

水土资源的开发和生态环境保护是一对矛盾统一体,如何协调发展是当今环保学科的重要课题。本文在论述了伊犁州“1515”工程和伊犁地区生态环境及开发利用现状的基础上,分析预测水土资源开发的影响,并得出了一些基本的可持续发展结论。     

新疆农业生态环境现状与绿洲生态农业建设探讨

新疆是以农业生产为支柱产业地处半干旱半荒漠、生态环境比较脆弱的内陆地区。随着农业生产技术的不断更新、农资产品、化学物质的大量使用的工业生产中产生的污染物日益增加,新疆农业生态环境（局部）出现了许多新的问题。本文就新疆农业生态环境现状、发展趋势,及新疆绿洲生态农业建设与农业可持续发展等方面进行了分析探讨。     

在环境保护中开展环境审计的重要作用

工业革命把人类推向工业文明,工业文明刺激人类对资源的无限需求,创造出大量消耗资源、严重污染环境的生产方式,产生了大量的环境污染和生态危机。于是,提高环境质量、开展环境保护、保证经济发展的可持续性的呼声越来越高。环境审计作为环境保护的一种有力工具,在当代经济活动中会越来越发挥其重要作用。本文就环境审计的有关问题作一阐述,以其推动环境审计在我国的发展。     

Two concepts of dignity for humans and non-human organisms in the context of genetic engineering

The 1992 incorporation of an article by referendum in the Swiss Constitution mandating that the federal government issue regulations on the use of genetic material that take into account the dignity of nonhuman organism raises philosophical questions about how we should understand what is meant by “the dignity of nonhuman animals,” and about what sort of moral demands arise from recognizing this dignity with respect to their genetic engineering. The first step in determining what is meant is to clarify the difference between dignity when applied to humans and when applied to nonhumans. Several conceptions of human dignity should be rejected in favor of a fourth conception: the right not to be degraded. This right implies that those who have it have the cognitive capacities that are prerequisite for self-respect. In the case of nonhuman organisms that lack this capacity, respecting their dignity requires the recognition that their inherent value, which is tied to their abilities to pursue their own good, be respected. This value is not absolute, as it is in the case of humans, so it does not prohibit breeding manipulations that make organisms more useful to humans. But it does restrict morally how sentient animals can be used. In regard to genetic engineering, this conception requires that animals be allowed the uninhibited development of species specific functions, a position shared by Holland and Attfield, as opposed to the Original Purpose conception proposed by Fox and the Integrity of the Genetic Make-up position proposed by Rolston. The inherent value conception of dignity, as here defended, is what is meant in the Swiss Constitution article. This paper is a slightly revised version of a paper that had been published in German in 1998 (“Menschenwürde vs. Würde der Kreatur,” Freiburg i.Br.).     

Are the Precautionary Principle and the International Trade of Genetically Modified Organisms Reconcilable?

This paper seeks to find possibilities forreconciliation of the implementation of theprecautionary principle and the promotion ofinternational trade of genetically modified organisms,based on the assumption that a sustainabledevelopment is a right objective to strive for. Itstarts with an explanation of the background and therole of the precautionary principle, and describes inwhat way measures based on the precautionary principlecan easily lead to the creation of trade barriers. Thearticle then examines to what extent the WTO (WorldTrade Organisation) Agreements allow theimplementation of the precautionary principle. Inaddition, structural conflicts between the perceptionof the precautionary principle and the concept oftrade liberalisation will be evoked. The last sectionof the paper analyses to what extent the WTO rulesprovide possibilities to avoid or solve theseconflicts in order to attempt to answer the mainquestion: are the precautionary principle and theinternational trade of genetically modified organismsreconcilable?     

环保产业的战略价值与调控激励机制探讨

环保产业对人类社会的持续协调发展具有巨大的价值贡献 ,是战略性产业。人们应借鉴国际经验并结合国情 ,建立我国环保产业有效的调控激励机制 :从加强环保产业的驱动因素入手 ,制定有效的产业扶植政策 ,加强技术创新 ,构筑环保产业大市场格局 ,促进环保产业向深层次快速发展。 更多还原      

物质代谢研究进展综述

传统的线性经济生活模式导致人类社会面临着巨大的环境压力,因此为提高资源的利用效率,实现社会经济的可持续发展,物质代谢研究逐渐成为近年来国际研究领域的热点问题。文章从三方面对国际上关于物质代谢研究进展做了阐述:①物质代谢的研究背景;②物质代谢的基础性研究,包括不同层次的物质代谢吞吐量的研究和物质代谢定量分析方法的探讨;③物质代谢相关的研究进展,包括土地利用/覆盖变化、自然环境效应和可持续发展与物质代谢作用关系的讨论。最后,对其未来的发展方向提出了一些建议,认为除了要进一步完善物质代谢研究方法和模型外,还应从土地利用/覆盖变化、研究尺度、政策和行为、生态环境效应等角度对物质代谢进行拓展分析。     

皂素工业废水CODCr排放限值的研究

皂素工业是近几年来迅速发展的一个重要生物医药化工行业,我国皂素主产区位于南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游,其排放的大量高浓度含酸有机废水给水源保护带来严重威胁,急需制定我国的皂素工业水污染物排放标准.采用三段式两相厌氧为核心的二级生化组合工艺技术从实验室试验、现场工业性试验和示范工程三方面对皂素工业废水COD_Cr排放限值进行了研究,皂素废水二级生化处理出水中残留COD_Cr总量(以质量浓度计)约为400～500 mg/L,其中溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)质量浓度约为240～280 mg/L.综合考虑技术可达性和经济可行性,将现有企业COD_Cr排放限值规定为400 mg/L;为引导企业对废液综合利用,推进皂素行业清洁生产,规定新建企业和现有企业的第二时段的限值为300 mg/L.提出了丹江库区相应的COD_Cr总量指标及皂素规模限额.执行该标准后,全国每年可削减COD_Cr 71　400 t,其中南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游至少可削减60　690 t,可以满足中线调水水源区的环境保护要求.      

Application of arsenic baselines in the assessment of soil contamination in Finland

In Finland, a new Government Decree on the Assessment of Soil Contamination and Remediation Needs (214/2007) came into force on 1 June 2007. According to the Decree, natural baseline concentration levels should be taken into account when assessing potential soil contamination and the need for remediation. This applies particularly in the case of toxic metallic elements, since baseline concentrations may naturally be rather high. The new decree prescribes soil screening values for 52 substances or groups of substances. The natural baseline concentrations have been taken into account in the definition of the screening values for inorganic pollutants. The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) carried out a nation-wide geochemical mapping of till on a reconnaissance scale in 1983 and on a regional scale during 1984–1992. These surveys have provided information on natural elemental distribution in subsoils of the glacial till. However, some important trace elements in regional mapping such as arsenic are missing from the analysis, and subsoil samples do not reflect the diffuse anthropogenic input. Thus, GTK has continued the survey work by determining geochemical baselines around suburban areas. Samples have been taken from humus, topsoil and subsoil layers, and the soil parent material has covered sandy soils, glacial tills and fine-grained sediments. According to the studies, a regional difference in the levels of arsenic and some other trace elements can be clearly seen, especially in minerogenic soils. The results illustrate the importance of information on regional baseline concentrations while assessing potential soil contamination.