Measurement, Collaborative Learning and Research for Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services: Landscape Concepts and Europe as Laboratory

Policies at multiple levels pronounce the need to encompass both social and ecological systems in governance and management of natural capital in terms of resources and ecosystems. One approach to knowledge production and learning about landscapes as social–ecological systems is to compare multiple case studies consisting of large spaces and places. We first review the landscape concepts’ biophysical, anthropogenic, and intangible dimensions. Second, we exemplify how the different landscape concepts can be used to derive measurable variables for different sustainability indicators. Third, we review gradients in the three dimensions of the term landscape on the European continent, and propose to use them for the stratification of multiple case studies of social–ecological systems. We stress the benefits of the landscape concepts to measure sustainability, and how this can improve collaborative learning about development toward sustainability in social–ecological systems. Finally, analyses of multiple landscapes improve the understanding of context for governance and management.     

历史时期人类活动对环境影响强度的定量研究

本文通过对河西走廊人口和耕地面积的重建和经济史相关研究成果,利用人类活动对环境影响公式I=PAT,定量重建了河西走廊地区历史时期人类活动对环境影响强度。重建结果显示,可将近2000年以来河西走廊地区的人类活动划分为三个主要阶段,即清代中期以前、清代中期至民国、新中国成立以来。标准化后的环境影响值2千年来平均为6.20,清代中期以前平均为2.79,清代中期以来达到22.50,而近50年来为69.70。     

Vertical distributions of non-methane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in the lower troposphere over northeast China

Vertical distributions of air pollutants are crucial for understanding the key processes of atmospheric transport and for evaluating chemical transport models. In this paper, we present measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons obtained from an intensive aircraft study over northeast (NE) China in summer 2007. Most compounds exhibited a typical negative profile of decreasing mixing ratios with increasing altitude, although the gradients differed with different species. Three regional plumes with enhanced VOC mixing ratios were discerned and characterized. An aged plume transported from the northern part of the densely populated North China Plain (NCP; i.e. Beijing–Tianjin area) showed relatively higher levels of HCFC-22, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and toluene. In comparison, the plume originating from Korea had higher abundances of CFC-12, tetrachloroethene (C₂Cl₄) and methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), while regional air masses from NE China contained more abundant light alkanes. By comparing these results with the earlier PEM-West B (1994) and TRACE-P (2001) aircraft measurements, continuing declining trends were derived for methyl chloroform (CH₃CCl₃), tetrachloromethane (CCl₄) and C₂Cl₄ over the greater China–northwestern Pacific region, indicating the accomplishment of China in reducing these compounds under the Montreal protocol. However, the study also provided evidence for the continuing emissions of several halocarbons in China in 2007, such as CFCs (mainly from materials in stock) and HCFCs.     

Migration of Cs and Sr in undisturbed soil profiles under controlled and close-to-real conditions

Migration of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in undisturbed soil was studied in large lysimeters three and four years after contamination, as part of a larger European project studying radionuclide soil–plant interactions. The lysimeters were installed in greenhouses with climate control and contaminated with radionuclides in an aerosol mixture, simulating fallout from a nuclear accident. The soil types studied were loam, silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand. The soils were sampled to 30–40 cm depth in 1997 and 1998. The total deposition of ¹³⁷Cs ranged from 24 to 45 MBq/m², and of ⁹⁰Sr from 23 to 52 MBq/m². It was shown that migration of ¹³⁷Cs was fastest in sandy loam, and of ⁹⁰Sr fastest in sandy loam and loam. The slowest migration of both nuclides was found in loamy sand. Retention within the upper 5 cm was 60% for both ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in sandy loam, while in loamy sand it was 97 and 96%, respectively. In 1998, migration rates, calculated as radionuclide weighted median depth (migration centre) divided by time since deposition were 1.1 cm/year for both ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in sandy loam, 0.8 and 1.0 cm/year, respectively, in loam, 0.6 and 0.8 cm/year in silt loam, and 0.4 and 0.6 cm/year for ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr, respectively, in loamy sand. A distinction is made between short-term migration, caused by events soon after deposition and less affected by soil type, and long-term migration, more affected by e.g. soil texture. Three to four years after deposition, effects of short-term migration is still dominant in the studied soils.     

不确定性水质模型及其研究进展

水环境是一个充满不确定性因素的复杂巨系统,研究这些不确定性的变化有利于提高人们对水环境分析的认识和做出更切合实际的决策.详细、清晰地评述了不确定性水质模型研究的必要性、研究的方法和国内外研究进展等,并针对此类模型研究与应用过程中普遍存在的一些问题、主要表现和成因进行了分析与论述,最后结合目前的研究热点指出了今后不确定性水质模型发展的3个重要方向.     

集镇污水处理厂CAST工艺调试实验

进行了集镇污水处理厂CAST工艺调试实验研究,实际调控结果表明,采用控制温度、溶解氧、沉降比、污泥指数、生物相的变化,运行周期4.5h,沉降比35%,污泥龄15d,生物区溶解氧31mg/L,实现生物菌种培养与驯化最佳条件,污泥浓度可达到2000mg/L,生物相基本稳定,处理效果显著,出水各项指标达标。     

温度对填埋有机垃圾厌氧降解影响实验研究

针对现有研究温度设置较少的现状,提出通过5个不同温度的设置来模拟温度对填埋有机垃圾厌氧降解的影响。结果表明,温度控制在41℃和45℃的模拟垃圾柱C4和C5,在实验进行到140d,渗滤液COD浓度分别由最大值86614mg/L和90000mg/L降低到5216.5mg/L和5413.4mg/L,渗滤液中COD浓度分别降低了93.98%和93.99%,同时垃圾柱C4产生的填埋气体中甲烷含量最高且稳定,从而显示了实施温度控制对渗滤液污染防治和填埋气体回收利用的强大优势。该项研究为加速厌氧填埋场中垃圾的稳定化进程提供了参考。     

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol （PCP, C6HC150）, as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 30（0-420℃ and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L, and the NaOH concentrations were varied from 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP. The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highly dependent on the reaction temperature, residence time, and NaOH concentration. PCP conversion in subcritical water is, however, only dependent on reaction temperature. NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversion in subcritical condition. It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water. The intermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol, respectively.     

贮油罐区防火水幕模拟实验研究

本文通过对贮油罐区防火水幕冷态和模拟实验数据的分析比较,讨论了设计防火隔热水幕的形式方式,水幕喷头的结构选型等重要参数。