基于闽台对比的福建耕地变化趋势演绎

闽台因其区域自然背景及历史文化的相似性和经济发展时序递差性成为区域对比研究的理想对象之一。利用闽台相关统计资料对比显示,闽台耕地变化共同呈现出先增后减、时有波动、总体减少的特点,但台湾耕地的先增后减时序后移,并且减少的总趋势较缓。以各市县平均耕地产出计算,福建新增耕地质量低于被占耕地质量,而台湾正好相反。文章最后通过对福建2010年耕地面积的多元回归预测以及闽台耕地对比演绎,说明福建要实现耕地保护目标,除了依靠严格的耕地保护政策外,依靠农业以及非农业的发展,提高现有耕地综合生产力更为重要。     

无底柱分段崩落法合理结构参数的确定

用室内模拟放矿实验方法得出了无底柱分段崩落法合理结构参数 ,运用这一成果可使经济优化、环境改善。     

Sustainable management of transboundary river basins: a line of reasoning

This paper identifies a line of reasoning based on a number of concepts and tools to facilitate river basin management, which have been applied in a case study. For long-term sustainable river basin management, a balance is needed between the human use of the river and its basin, the ecological functioning of the river and receiving waters, and the river's capacity to supply goods and services. To find such a balance a framework is needed that illustrates and clarifies possible trade-offs between economic use and environmental supply by integrating scientific information on cause–effect chains on a catchment scale. A number of concepts and tools are proposed as a basis for this framework. The tools are: (1) indicators that describe the complex interactions and processes in rivers; (2) a suite of linked models that predict the economic, environmental and ecological effect of management measures; (3) an evaluation framework to rank different management alternatives on the basis of three objectives: economic efficiency, spatial equity in costs and benefits and environmental quality of the river and receiving lakes. The concept of environmental quality defines the potential of the river environment (i.e. natural capital) to contribute to human welfare. The concept of environmental functions is used to identify societal interest in natural capital. The concept and tools have been applied in a case study involving the evaluation of four management strategies on nutrient abatement in the Rhine basin. The result of the case study is that economic efficiency is in conflict with spatial equity and environmental quality. Spatial equity is in agreement with environmental quality. Electronic Publication     

油品储罐区风险评价技术研究

本文通过分析影响储罐安全的五大因素18项指标,系统建立了单个油品储罐的安全评价指标体系,采用层次分析-模糊综合评价方法,实现单个油品储罐的安全状况分级。并结合区域定量风险评价方法,实现对油品储罐区的整体风险评价。以某油品储罐区为例,利用建立的指标体系与区域风险评价方法,给出了单个储罐安全等级以及储罐区个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险曲线。更全面的给出了储罐区单个储罐与罐区整体不同层次的风险状况,为油品储罐区规划,管理及事故预防和应急救援提供依据。     

微电解反应器应用于石油炼厂污水回用的中试研究

对石油炼厂废水回用进行了 10m3 h并联微电解工艺的中试现场实验研究。检验了微电解设备的性能 ,对出水的防腐指标进行了挂片腐蚀实验。结合电化学原理对实验数据进行了分析。中试工艺的CODCr、石油、悬浮物等的去除率均达到 70 %以上 ,体现了良好的处理效果     

新型高效絮凝剂生物聚合硫酸铁的制备及性能研究

利用恒化器原理和SBR技术 ,以FeSO4为原料 ,用经过驯化培养的微生物为催化剂 ,在常温常压下用空气氧化 ,连续生产或序批式生产生物聚合铁 ,产品性能稳定 ,投资少 ,设备简单 ,操作方便 ,无污染 ,可实现清洁生产 ,生产成本极低。试验证明 :生物聚合铁性能优良 ,除浊、除有机物性能好 ,对pH适应范围宽 ,对水温不敏感 ,对低温、低浊水有很好的处理效果 ,凝聚作用显著 ,处理效果明显优于普通聚合铁 ,是一种新型高效絮凝剂。     

退田还湖后替代生计的经济评估研究——以洞庭湖西畔山洲垸为例

分析了“湿地保护项目是如何改善民众生计的”这一问题。采用2000～2005年1 474个农户调查问卷作为基本数据,其中964个农户位于洞庭湖西畔山洲垸。得出6个结论：①WWF在西畔山洲垸的替代生计示范项目增加了农户的收入和福利,降低了脆弱性,增强可持续利用的自然资源基础;②妇女、老人以及低收入群体从项目中获益;③参加项目的农户比未参加项目的农户拥有更多的收入和财产;④与2000年项目开始时相比,生计水平有了持续的改善;⑤生计改善的原因是当地社区的积极参与、国家政策机遇、伙伴关系的建立、社区基层组织建设以及适应性管理方法的应用;⑥鱼类和水鸟等返回已恢复的湿地。表明该示范项目达到了自然保护目标。     

Phenol removal from aqueous environments by natural & chemically modified kaolin clay

Natural, acid and base modified kaolin clays were studied for the sake of phenol and 4-chlorophenol removal from aqueous environments and their application to real ground and industrial wastewater samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Surface area analysis were employed for characterization of the adsorbents microstructure. Operating factors such as adsorbent dose, solution pH, initial phenol concentration, and contact time were studied. The experimental data displayed that the increase of the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH value from 2 to 7 increases the efficiency of the removal process. Optimal conditions for phenolic removal were; contact time of 300 min, primary phenol solution of 25 mg/L, pH 7 and 2.5 g/L as an appropriate adsorbent dose using crude (natural), acid modified and base modified kaolin clays. The higher phenolic removal efficiencies were obtained at 5 mg/L as 90, 97, 96.2%, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previously mentioned order. The adsorption capacity in the removal of phenol and 4-chlorophenol were 7.481 and 4.195, 8.2942 and 3.211, and 8.05185 and 18.565 mg/g, respectively, for the adsorbents in the same mentioned order. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted and analyzed with four isotherm models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm equations. The adsorption process of phenol on studied adsorbents was exothermic, spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable proved by the negative values of their thermodynamic parameters ΔH° and ΔG°. The correlation coefficient (R²) for all concentrations was higher than 0.94, which indicates that in the studied system, the data suitably fit the first-order kinetics. The % desorption capacity was amounted to 96%, 91.11%, and 87.06% of adsorbed phenol, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previous order using 0.1N NaOH and 10% V/V ethanol solutions as eluents at 25°C, indicating the reusability of the adsorbents. Kaolin and its modified forms can be introduced as eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents in water remediation implementation.     

三种模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取性比较

为了解不同方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属提取性的差异性,比较了国际上广泛使用的3种代表性体外消化方法的模拟消化液(SBET, Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test;PBET, Physiologically-Based Extraction Test;SGET, Simple Gastrointestinal Extraction Test)对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的溶解效果.结果表明,3种方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取效果存在显著的差异.其中,3种模拟消化液对土壤中Zn和Cd的提取能力顺序为SBET>PBET>SGET;当胃液消化物进入肠液后,土壤中Zn、Cd和Pb在PBET及SGET中的溶解度都显著降低,而对于Cu,由于消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰液素和胆汁盐)的络合作用,其在肠液中的溶解度不一定低于相应的胃液,因此土壤中Zn、Pb和Cd在胃液中的溶解度代表其在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,即其有可能被人体吸收的最大量.所以出于预防和保护的目的,在土壤重金属污染健康风险评价中可用只含有胃液的模拟消化液(如SBET法)评估土壤Zn、Cd和Pb的生物可接受性,但胃液中的提取量并不一定能代表土壤Cu在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,建议使用由胃液和肠液组成,且添加了相应消化酶的模拟消化液(如PBET法)对其生物可接受性进行评估.     

博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年生态健康状况评价

为支撑博斯腾湖未来保护工作,需认知博斯腾湖近20年的生态健康状况,在对博斯腾湖大湖湖区水质状况调查基础上,适当选取系统评价指标,以1991年水质指标为本底值,运用熵权法建立湖泊生态健康评价模型,计算生态系统健康综合指数,并对博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年来的健康状况进行评价.结果表明,1997、1998及2005年的水体综合状况略好于其他年份,属较好水平;而1992、1993、2003及2008年的水体综合状况则低于其他年份,属较差水平.