Macroinvertebrate and fish populations in a restored impounded salt marsh 21 years after the reestablishment of tidal flooding

During the last two decades, the State of Connecticut has restored tidal flow to many impounded salt marshes. One of the first of these and the one most extensively studied is Impoundment One in the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area in Stonington, Connecticut. In 1990, twelve years after the re-establishment of tidal flooding, the density of the marsh snail Melampus bidentatus, the numerically dominant macroinvertebrate of the high marsh, in Impoundment One was about half that in reference marshes below the breached impoundment dike. By 1999 the densities of Melampus above and below the dike were not significantly different, but the shell-free biomass was greater above the dike as a result of the somewhat larger number and size of the snails there. Twenty-one years after the renewal of tidal flooding, three marsh macroinvertebrates (the amphipods Orchestia grillus and Uhlorchestia spartinophila and the mussel Geukensia demissa) were significantly less abundant in the previously impounded marsh than in the reference marshes, whereas another amphipod (Gammarus palustris) was more abundant above the breached dike where conditions appeared to be somewhat wetter. In 1991 the fish assemblage in a mosquito-control ditch in Impoundment One was similar to that in a ditch below the breached dike; however, the common mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus appeared to be less abundant in the restoring marsh. By 1999 the number of mummichogs caught in ditches was significantly greater in Impoundment One than in the reference marsh, but the numbers of mummichogs trapped along the tidal creek were comparable above and below the dike. The results obtained in this study and those of other restoring marshes at Barn Island indicate the full recovery of certain animal populations following the reintroduction of tidal flow to impounded marshes may require up to two or more decades. Furthermore, not only do different species recover at different rates on a single marsh, but the time required for the recovery of a particular species may vary widely from marsh to marsh, often independently of other species.     

The release of nitrous oxide from the intertidal zones of two European estuaries in response to increased ammonium and nitrate loading

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) release and denitrification rates were investigated from the intertidal saltmarsh and mudflats of two European river estuaries, the Couesnon in Normandy, France and the Torridge in Devon, UK. Sediment cores and water were collected from each study site and incubated for 72 h in tidal simulation chambers. Gas samples were collected at 6 and 12 h intervals from the chambers during incubation. From these N₂O emission rates were calculated. The greatest rates for both N₂O production and denitrification were measured from saltmarsh cores. These were 1032 mol N₂O m^–2 day^–1 and 2518 mol N₂ m^–2 day^–1, respectively, from the Couesnon and 109 mol N₂O m^–2 day^–1 and 303 mol N₂ m^–2 day^–1 from the Torridge. A strong positive correlation was apparent with N₂O emission rates and ammonium concentration in the sediment, nitrate concentration in floodwater and sediment aerobicity.     

上海无居民岛潮间带沉积物重金属污染状况评价

在对上海无居民海岛黄瓜沙、顾园沙、九段沙、大金山、小金山5个岛屿潮间带沉积物进行采样和分析的基础上,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法和原子荧光法分析了潮间带沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr的含量。结果表明:(1)上海潮间带沉积物重金属含量有如下顺序;Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>>Cd>Hg。(2)沉积物中重金属含量均处于较低水平,除黄瓜沙外,基本都保持在自然状态水平。(3)相关分析显示,Cr自然来源可能性较大,Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,Cd,As来源与人为活动造成的影响存在一定关系。(4)潜在生态危害指数法表明:Hg,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,As六种元素的生态危害程度都较小,处在轻微生态危害范围,黄瓜沙和九段沙上沙段处Cd元素浓度已处于中等生态危害范围,总体上看,上海地区无居民海岛潮间带沉积物未受明显的重金属污染。     

浙江三门湾湿地遥感时间序列演变分析

海湾湿地演变的时空特征分析,对明晰海湾资源环境基底、了解综合开发潜力,促进湾区可持续发展具有重要意义。以浙江三门湾湿地为研究区,利用1984—2019年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像数据,基于湿地地物光谱指数时间序列变化特征,对三门湾湿地信息进行提取并分析了其动态变化。结果表明：1984年以来三门湾湿地面积变化显著,主要位于宁海县南部、三门县东北部以及象山县西南部地区;从海湾面积变化趋势看,1984—2002年呈波动下降趋势,2003—2009年呈加速下降趋势,2010—2019年则呈平稳发展趋势。围填海等人类活动导致海湾形态变化显著,海岸带管理政策的供给过程变化成为海湾湿地演变的重要因素之一。研究可为后围填海时代湾区建设与海湾可持续发展提供决策支持。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地养分累积与沉积特征

研究了三江平原两类典型沼泽湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和芦苇沼泽)沉积物剖面有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的垂直分布规律,初步分析了三江平原湿地的沉积速率与沉积通量.结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象,自上而下,有机碳的含量逐渐降低;全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布趋势;毛果苔草沼泽全磷含量呈先减少后增加的"V"型分布,芦苇沼泽全磷含量逐渐降低;全硫的分布和有机碳的分布规律一致.相关性分析表明,全氮、全磷和全硫与有机碳之间呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);有机碳与容重之间呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01).植被类型是影响沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的空间分布的主要因素之一.应用137Cs、210Pb测定沉积年代,并结合恒定放射性通量(CRS)模式推算年龄的结果表明,三江平原湿地平均沉积速率为0.33 cm·a-1,沉积通量为0.03～0.48 g·(cm2·a)-1,平均为0.29 g·(cm2·a)-1.     

长江三角洲潮滩重金属污染研究现状与趋势

近些年由于工业与生活废水不合理排放,导致了长江三角洲潮滩面临严重的重金属污染问题,对长江口生态环境造成威胁。为此,本文在广泛收集前人研究结果的基础上,从重金属在潮滩沉积物的沿岸分布和垂岸分布、重金属的粒度效应、长江泥沙重金属吸附、以及潮滩动植物重金属含量和生态效应等方面总结了其分布规律和富集特征,并从三峡建坝和长江口水文地貌等角度,对今后长江口潮滩重金属污染研究方向提出了一些建议。     

外源氮、硫添加对闽江河口湿地CH4、CO2排放的短期影响

于2015年4月在闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地原位开展氮、硫添加实验,研究外源氮、硫添加对河口湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的短期影响,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,NH_4Cl(NH)和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS)添加显著促进了河口湿地CH_4平均排放通量(P0.01),NS耦合添加显著促进了湿地CO_2平均排放通量(P0.05);KNO_3(NO)和K_2SO_4(S)处理在实验期间对CH_4、CO_2排放通量表现为促进与抑制作用的交互影响,并且影响均不显著(P0.05).与对照(CK)相比,NH和NS添加使CH_4平均排放通量分别提高了(286.36%、122.73%),使CO_2平均排放通量分别提高了(39.92%、34.24%).氮、硫添加对河口潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放的影响具有明显的时间变异性,改变了短叶茳芏湿地生长季CH_4排放时间变化规律,但未改变CO_2排放时间规律.相关分析显示,NH和NS添加处理下河口湿地土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量主要受土温、EC、DOC以及NH+4-N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),NO和S处理主要受土温、EC、pH、DOC、NO_3~--N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),CK处理则主要受土温的影响(P0.01).温度、盐度、氮有效性是影响河口湿地CO_2、CH_4排放的主要因素.     

滨海带感潮河流上朔规律及地下水面波动特征研究

本研究以太平洋附近具有典型海岸地形地貌的3.2km2的区域为调查研究对象。首先,通过调查设置在河流上的5处调查点的河流水位及河水铅直方向电导率,掌握了感潮河流海水上朔的规律。其次,通过调查设置在区域内的26口调查井在满潮和干潮时的地下水位,推断出了潮汐的涨落及感潮河流和地下水流动方向的关系。此外,对与海岸垂直的断面和平行的断面上的10口调查井的调查结果显示,同一位置、不同季节其地下水面波动的特点不同;不同的调查井,因所处位置的不同及与海岸、感潮河流距离的不同,其地下水面波动的振幅及其与潮汐波动的位相差也不同。     

包头市昆河流域环境综合整治应延续

受昆河城区段景观建设工程的启示,在昆河环境综合整治的基本框架的基础上,对全流域的整治和生态系统稳定提出可操作性方案,并论证该系统工程带来的效益和深远意义。     

感潮河网降雨径流污染空间分析与模拟

为了探究茅洲河流域感潮河网面源污染空间分布特征和降雨径流污染规律,基于空间分析、统计分析与流域水动力-水质耦合模拟方法,对典型降雨情景下河网水质情况进行模拟分析,提出基于水质改善目标的生态补水点位空间布局优化策略.研究表明,层次聚类凝聚算法和K-均值法迭代组合可以较好地实现面源污染分级与分类;茅洲河各支流中,石岩渠、松岗河中上游等河道（段）由于面源污染负荷相对较高且缺乏生态补水,雨后水质恢复缓慢;基于补水总量不变原则,对生态补水方案进行局部优化,优化结果可使雨后受污染重点河道（段）水质恢复速度加快一倍以上,提高了流域水质的整体稳定性.研究结论可为进一步认识茅洲河流域水污染特征、实现流域水环境精细化管理提供支撑.