Subjective annoyance caused by indoor low-level and low frequency noise and control method

IntroductionItwasbelievedthatonlyhigh_levelnoisecouldcausenoisepollution.Theinfluenceoflow_levelnoisehasnotbeenwidelynoticed.Thisresearchdiscoveredthatundercertainconditionsthelow_levelnoise,especiallylowfrequencynoise,mayevencausehigherannoyanceresponse.…     

元江河谷热带坝区自然优势及其开发

元江河谷是我国云南省横断山脉中的干热河谷之一,属于热带半干旱河谷气候类型。具有丰富的热量资源和土地资源,但降雨量特少,生态环境脆弱,限制了多种热带作物的生长,长期以来未引起人们的重视。作者在该地区进行多年试验研究工作的基础上,从自然地理条件、生态环境,通过对比分析,论述了元江河谷热带坝区的自然优势。强调指出:该地区是我国发展优质紫胶--信德紫胶虫最理想的地方。从林业的发展方向与战略来考虑,指出今后元江河谷热带坝区的开发利用,主要是发展林业,走“生态林业”的道路。选择优质紫胶虫最好的寄主树滇刺枣作为造林树种,建立以滇刺枣人工林为主体的人工生态系统。     

天津地区霾天气特征研究

基于2014~2017年天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度监测数据开展霾天气特征研究.结果表明：天津中度以上霾过程分为五类：高压后部型，北部弱高压型，低压槽型，均压场型和锋前低压型.在现行标准下，中度霾一般对应重度污染天气，重度霾对应重度到严重污染天气；五级重度污染天气一般有中-重度霾发生，六级严重污染天气有重度霾天气发生.2013年“大气污染防治行动计划”开展以后，天津PM_2.5质量浓度和霾日均显著减少，2017年相比2013年霾日减少了55%，中度及其以上霾日由2013年的41d下降到2017年的20d，下降幅度超过50%.基于实况监测的PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度，可以较好的构建区域能见度计算方程.统计数据显示，其估算的能见度和实况值相关系数为0.94，相对误差为18.6%，非霾日辨识准确率为85%，霾日辨识准确率为95.6%，轻微霾辨识准确率为83%，轻度霾辨识准确率为78%，中度霾辨识准确率为93%，重度及以上霾辨识准确率为94%，对于判断霾等级，有较强的适用性.将该方程与空气质量模式结合开展霾等级预报，2015~2017年24h预报产品检验显示：能见度预报值与实况值相关系数为0.75，预报均值13.9km，实况均值14.1km，相对误差为29.6%，FAC2（预报值在实况值两倍范围内百分比）为98.1%，霾日预报准确率81.4%，霾日漏报率18.6%，霾日空报率20.6%，如果容错1级，轻微霾日预报准确率为96%，轻度霾日预报准确率为85%，中度及以上霾日预报准确率为69%，可有效支撑天津霾等级预报的开展.     

基于洪水资源化的水库汛限水位调整及其风险管理

在论述“洪水资源化”概念和调整水库汛限水位所涉及的影响因素的基础上, 构建了汛限水位 调整后的风险和效益评价指标体系及其估算方法, 以及论述了水库汛限水位调整的风险管理对策。 以五强溪大型水库为例, 综合评价了在不同汛限水位方案下所带来的风险及效益, 并引入优选模糊 理论方法来合理调整汛限水位。通过综合分析认为, 五强溪水库在主汛期将汛限水位从现行的 98.00m 提高到100.00m 的方案是可行的, 它在防洪风险增加不多的情况下, 可将有可能被排泄的 1.85×108m3 洪水转化为有效利用的水资源, 显然, 将大型水库提高汛限水位超蓄洪水是实现洪水资 源化的重要手段, 但必须是在加强水库实时调度风险管理的提前下实施。     

Nitrogen accumulation and plant species replacement in three salt marsh systems in the Wadden Sea

Salt marsh development on the coastal barrier island of Schiermonnikoog (The Netherlands) was compared with two other salt marsh systems in the Wadden Sea. Accretion rate, nitrogen accumulation and changes in plant species composition were investigated using chronosequences. The age of the marsh was estimated from aerial photographs and old maps. In 7230 plots, the elevation of the marsh surface, the thickness of the sediment layer (clay) and the presence of plant species was recorded. In addition, the nitrogen pool was measured at each successional stage. Accretion rates were similar in the three salt marshes. Higher accretion rates were found at younger marshes. A strong linear relationship between nitrogen pool size and thickness of the clay layer was found for the three marshes. The accumulation rate of nitrogen is therefore strongly related to the accretion rate. Thus, more nitrogen is present in the sediment of later successional stages where more clay has accumulated. On the high salt marsh (55 cm+MHT),Ameria maritima disappeared andArtemisia maritima, Juncus gerardi andElymus athericus established at sites with a thicker clay layer. On the low salt marsh (25 cm+MHT),Plantago maritima, Puccinellia maritima andLimonium vulgare disappeared andAtriplex (Halimione) portulacoides established. Apparently, with the accumulation of clay and therefore of nitrogen, tall growing species take over in salt marshes not grazed by livestock.     

紫外光去除水中微量甲苯的研究

紫外光（UV）去除水中微量甲苯（＜10mg/L)可以用一级动力学方程描述。pH为7时，去除速率常数k为0.453h^-1，半衰期为1.53h；在pH为5－9的范围内，速率常数和半衰期变化不大。利用气相色谱－质谱联用仪测定了甲苯的降解产物，讨论了甲苯降解的机理。测定了甲苯降解过程中溶解氧化的变化和pH的作用。     

S絮凝剂急性和亚慢性毒性研究

对原水处理剂Ｓ絮凝剂进行了大鼠急性毒性和９０ｄ喂养试验。Ｓ絮凝剂大鼠经口半数致死量雄性为８７１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｂ．Ｗ．，雌性为１０９６５ｍｇ／ｋｇＢ．Ｗ．，属实际无毒类物质。９０ｄ喂试验结果表明，剂量≥０．８％，时对大鼠生长发育，血液学、生化学及病理组织学等各项指标水见有不良影响，Ｓ絮凝剂最大无作用剂量为０．８％，相当于实际作用量的１０００倍。     

The iridoid glycoside,catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae)

Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.     

集约化农区经济发展对耕地土壤有机碳含量变化的影响

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳储量变化是全球气候变化研究的重要方面,而耕地土壤有机碳含量是当中最活跃的部分,与人类利用行为以及社会经济发展水平相联系。文章选取黄淮海平原的北京市大兴区、河北省曲周县和黄土高原的山西省兴县的446个耕作层土壤20世纪80年代和2000年的有机碳含量数据和当地的社会经济、投入产出资料,结果表明:20年来,不同区域耕地土壤有机碳含量存在空间变异,但是其空间分布格局并未发生变化;对土地的集约利用并未造成土壤有机碳含量的降低,相反,各区域土壤有机碳含量普遍增加。结合相应的农户调查和统计资料,发现区域经济发展强烈地影响着土壤有机碳储量发生变化。无论自然条件优劣,还是经济发展水平处于何种阶段,经济的发展都能够促使农户增加对土地的投入,经济发达地区有充足的资金和市场保障,通过农业结构调整会增加对土地的投入;经济落后地区追求作物高产,促使土地投入也不断增加;使得作物经济产量和生物产量获得提高,促使耕地土壤有机碳含量增加。