Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

贵州烟区生态条件及烤烟质量状况分析

以贵州烟区气候、土壤等生态因素和烤烟外观、物理、化学及感官质量的数据资料为基础,分析了该区9大植烟区域生态条件及烟叶质量状况.结果表明,贵州烟区海拔高度差异悬殊,具有大田期气温适宜,降雨充沛,日照充足,空气相对湿度高等特点.植烟土壤pH值适宜,有机质含量丰富,具有较强的保肥能力;氮素、磷素含量适中,钾素则难以满足烟株需求;土壤交换性钙、镁比值适宜,有效硫含量较高;多数微量元素含量丰富.但有效硼和水溶性氯含量缺乏.烟叶外观质量较好,香型以中间香型和偏清香型为主,香味的亲和力好.燃烧性强,配伍性高,但物理特性和化学成分间的协调性与国外优质烟区相比尚有差距.     

广西西江流域土壤镉含量特征及风险评估

为了解广西西江流域土壤Cd含量分布特征及风险,结合土地利用方式进行大规模抽样调查,采集有色金属矿区土壤、农田土壤（水田土壤和旱地土壤）和自然土壤共2512个样品,测试其Cd含量.结果表明,西江流域土壤Cd的背景值为0.514 mg·kg^-1,显著高于前人研究结果（0.148 mg·kg^-1）和广西土壤背景值（0.267 mg·kg^-1）;旱地、水田、矿区土壤Cd含量分别为0.559、0.787、5.71 mg·kg^-1,水田土壤和矿区土壤Cd含量显著高于自然土壤;以西江流域土壤Cd含量背景值和基线值为限定值,超标率分别为51.2%、66.7%、77.8%和35.2%、39.6%、71.4%,矿区土壤和农田土壤都有明显的Cd积累趋势;从土壤Cd空间分布及污染特征来看,西江流域总体土壤Cd含量为0.726 mg·kg^-1,高Cd含量斑块主要集中在西江流域上游河池地区的南丹县、大化县、都安县、环江县和宜州市,以及柳江县、武宣县和象州县等地区,这些地方出现了重度甚至极重度污染、中等-强污染累积程度和高等-极高等潜在生态风险.总体上,广西西江流域上游地区的农业土壤、矿区土壤Cd污染问题突出,属于高Cd风险区域,土壤生态状况不容乐观,这主要与上游矿业密集区的矿业活动和地质高背景Cd有关,长期居住在矿区及周边地区的居民,以及食用这一区域生产的农产品,可能对部分当地居民的健康产生危害.建议进一步通过土壤-植物-人体体系展开镉风险评估,同时采取相应措施以控制风险.     

MOBILE汽车源排放因子计算模式研究

在盆栽条件下，研究了土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｈｇ及其相互作用对烟草叶片活性氧代谢的影响．实验结果表明：随着Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ处理浓度的增加，ＰＯＤ活性逐渐增加，ＳＯＤ开始上升后转而下降，ＣＡＴ活性逐渐下降．它既诱导了活性氧的生成，又影响活性氧清除系统对活性氧的清除能力，结果造成活性氧的产生和清除之间的不平衡，致使相关的生理生化过程紊乱，加速了叶片衰老的进程．Ｐｂ、Ｈｇ对烟草叶片抗氧化酶代谢的影响，两者之间存在着一定的协合作用．     

家长吸烟对儿童尿中1-羟基芘的影响

为了解家长吸烟对小学生尿中１－羟基芘的影响,对４个地区小学生２３４份尿样中的１－羟基芘及其学校所在地空气中的苯并芘进行了同步采样分析,结果显示,学生尿中的１－羟基芘浓度与所在学校空气中苯并（ａ）芘的浓度有显著的正相关关系。家长吸烟组学生尿中１－羟基芘浓度均高于家长不吸烟组,但ｔ检验结果差别不显著,根据测定结果的分析,讨论了这种差别的意义。     

石油工程技术服务企业海外项目风险评价研究

石油工程技术服务企业海外项目是企业寻求自身发展,保持和提高经济效益的重要组成。综合采用专家咨询法和因果分析图方法识别出石油工程技术服务企业海外项目存在的市场风险、经济风险、政治风险、技术风险、自然风险、管理风险等6种风险。构建包含上述6个准则21个指标的风险评价指标体系,应用层次分析(AHP)法确定指标权重,应用模糊综合评价方法构建石油工程技术服务企业海外项目风险评价模型。运用构建的指标体系与评价模型对某石油钻探公司格鲁吉亚共和国第12区块风险进行评价实证。     

被动吸烟对儿童呼吸健康的影响

指导了１９９３～１９９６年兰州、重庆、武汉和广州４个城市８所小学进行家庭被动吸烟调查结果。结果表明，在７～１２岁儿童７９７７人中，受被动吸烟暴露的儿童６３４２人占调查总人数的７９．５％；受被动吸烟暴露儿童吸附系统的１０种疾病和症状发生率明显高于不受暴露影响的儿童，其中有８种病症的比数比（ＯＲ）范围在１．２７～１．６７，住院率的ＯＲ值为１．２８；受被动吸烟暴露儿童呼吸系统病症发生率也随家庭成员每天吸     

镉胁迫对不同杂交水稻品种Cd、Zn吸收与积累的影响

土壤-作物-食品是人类摄取Cd的重要途径.水稻是Cd积累能力最强的粮食作物,且水稻对Cd的吸收常伴随Zn缺乏,这对人类健康具有潜在的暴露风险.因此,本文选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻材料"J196"和超级稻品种"中浙优1号")为供试水稻,以红壤性水稻土为供试土壤,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg·kg^-1)和不添加Cd(0 mg·kg^-1)处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收分配及籽粒中Cd、Zn的积累特点.结果表明,添加Cd处理的水稻籽粒Cd积累量为未加Cd处理的6~10倍.在供试土壤Cd污染条件下,超级稻表现出对Cd具有较强的吸收能力,其籽粒中的Cd积累量也可高达1.83 mg·kg^-1,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平为人体安全临界摄入剂量水平的数倍,Zn存在相对缺乏的食物安全风险.中浙优1号具有较强的籽粒Cd分配能力和较弱的籽粒Zn转运能力,而加Cd处理下,其对Cd、Zn的根部、茎叶滞留能力更强,这也正是高籽粒含量品种籽粒Cd积累强而Cd/Zn比高的原因.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd、Zn吸收的品种差异与籽粒Cd暴露、Zn缺乏的风险.为降低镉暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻时应考虑Cd的吸收特性,同时在土壤-品种间进行合理布局,并进行膳食结构优化以增加人体对Zn的摄入.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

南京毒性挥发性有机化合物夏冬季源解析及健康风险评估

本研究于2018年夏季和冬季,在南京使用吸附浓缩在线监测系统(AC-GCMS 1000)对大气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行测量,估算其所造成的健康风险并解析VOCs所造成致癌与非致癌风险的污染来源.结果表明,采样期间南京市冬季φ(总VOCs)为105.7×10-9,为夏季(34.5×10-9)的3.1倍,以烷烃...