金华市耕地土壤重金属来源解析及健康风险空间分异

不合理的人类活动可能会导致重金属元素在耕地土壤中富集,最终威胁到土壤环境质量、农产品安全及人类健康.以金华市耕地土壤重金属为研究对象,采集了209个表层土壤样品,测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量,并采用随机森林模型探讨了金华市耕地土壤重金属的来源.同时,结合人体健康风险评估模型、地统计分析和地理探测器对金华市耕地土壤重金属的健康风险及空间分异进行了评估.结果表明：①金华市耕地土壤中Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn元素的平均含量超过了浙江省土壤背景值,存在一定程度的积累;②随机森林模型分析表明,As、Cr和Ni主要为自然来源,Hg主要为大气沉降源,Pb和Zn主要为交通来源污染,Cu为农业和工业的共同污染;③健康风险结果显示,金华市耕地土壤重金属污染对儿童总的致癌风险已超过安全阈值,高值区主要出现在金华市的中西部和北部区域;④地理探测器结果显示,金华市相关管理部门有必要对耕地土壤的As、Pb、Cd 、Cr和Cu元素实施分区管控,以降低其健康风险水平.     

Survival of faecal coliforms and hygiene risks in soils treated with municipal sewage sludges

An incubation experiment was conducted to monitor effect of sewage sludge application on changes in numbers of faecal coliforms in soils over time after sludge application and evaluate the hygiene risks. Soil faecal coliform counts were made after 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84 days of incubation. The faecal coliform counts in the sludge-treated soils decreased substantially with time and were similar to those in the untreated controls after incubation for 56 days. Land application of air-dried sludges increased the hygiene risks due to the re-growth of faecal coliforms, and the counts of faecal coliforms in soil treated with air dried sludge from Suzhou (91% DM) were 50 times higher than in soils with fresh dewatered sludge from Suzhou (15% DM) after 7 days of incubation. The main factors affecting the changes in faecal coliform counts were sludge type and incubation time. Sludge type determined the faecal coliform counts and the ability of the faecal coliforms to re-establish, and indigenous microorganisms competed with the faecal coliforms for nutrients during the incubation process.     

Risk models for wildfowl diseases

The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of computer models, including artificial intelligence systems, in the context of risk assessment and management for wildfowl diseases. In particular, the paper focuses on avian cholera and botulism in U.S. wildfowl, which are a source of continuing concern to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Severe outbreaks occur frequently, and some have been estimated to claim the lives of as many as 300 000 waterfowl. A potentially valuable support to the USFWS would be a set of models that assist in recognizing situations with high risk of an outbreak, assessing the anticipated severity of an outbreak, and advising on possible preventive measures. The USFWS has already initiated development of several potentially useful models. This paper reviews these as well as other related efforts, within the overall context of risk management for avian botulism and cholera.     

上海某石化园区周边区域VOCs污染特征及健康风险

为了解石化周边区域大气VOCs污染特征,使用在线GC-FID监测仪于2017年10月对上海市某近石化周边居民区大气VOCs进行了为期1个月的连续观测;通过最大增量反应活性(MIR)法估算了VOCs对臭氧(O_3)生成的贡献,并进行了健康风险研究.结果表明,观测期间VOCs总质量浓度的范围16. 4～1 947. 8μg·m~(-3),平均浓度为40. 7μg·m~(-3);烷烃、烯/炔烃和芳香烃的平均占比分别为66. 2%、25. 9%和7. 9%. VOCs总浓度日变化特征呈现单峰型变化,峰值浓度为127. 9μg·m~(-3)(07:00). VOCs总浓度的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为249. 7μg·m~(-3),烯、炔烃对OFP的贡献最高,达到153. 4μg·m~(-3);丙烯、反-2-丁烯、乙烯是关键的活性组分.己烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的健康风险较小.     

合肥市典型入湖河流有机紫外吸收剂污染特征及生态风险

为了解合肥市注入巢湖的河流中有机紫外吸收剂污染情况,分析了入湖河流水和沉积物中12种有机紫外吸收剂的污染水平及其生态风险.结果表明,水中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为194~587 ng·L~(-1),均值为374 ng·L~(-1).二苯甲酮(BP)是最主要的有机紫外吸收剂类污染物,平均占紫外吸收剂总含量的50.7%.沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为9.39~178 ng·g-1,均值为50.5 ng·g-1,奥克立林(OC)、BP和2-(2'-羟基-5'-叔辛基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-329)为主要组成.污染来源分析表明,水和沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂主要来源于化妆品和工业品中使用的紫外线吸收剂的排放.基于评价因子法推导了预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值,利用风险商(RQ)法评价了11种有机紫外吸收剂的生态风险.水样中二苯甲酮-3(BP-3)对藻类存在中等风险,约半数的水样中胡莫柳酯(HMS)和OC对藻类也存在中等风险,50%的水样中4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯(EHMC)对藻类存在低到中等风险,水样中水杨酸-2-乙基己基酯(EHS)对水生生物存在较低风险,BP对黑头呆鱼也存在较低风险,其它有机紫外吸收剂对水生生物基本不存在风险.沉积物中,BP-3、BP分别对藻类、黑头呆鱼存在较低风险;沉积物中9种log Kow5的有机紫外吸收剂均不存在潜在生态风险.     

Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan

Fecal bacteria contaminate water resources and result in associated waterborne diseases.This study assessed drinking water quality and evaluated their potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Ground and surface drinking water were randomly collected from upstream to downstream in the River Swat watershed and analyzed for fecal contamination using fecal indicator bacteria(Escherichia coli) and physiochemical parameters(potential of hydrogen, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, color, odor and taste). The physiochemical parameters were within their safe limits except in a few locations, whereas, the fecal contaminations in drinking water resources exceeded the drinking water quality standards of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency(Pak-EPA),2008 and World Health Organization(WHO), 2011. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that downstream urbanization trend, minimum distance between water sources and pit latrines/sewerage systems, raw sewage deep well injection and amplified urban,pastures and agricultural runoffs having human and animal excreta were the possible sources of contamination. The questionnaire survey revealed that majority of the local people using 10–20 years old drinking water supply schemes at the rate of 73% well supply,13% hand pump supply, 11% spring supply and 3% river/streams supply, which spreads high prevalence of water borne diseases including hepatitis, intestinal infections and diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, jaundice and skin diseases in children followed by older and younger adults.     

INFLUENCE OF WELL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY ON SAMPLING DECISIONS AND MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Local governmental agencies responsible for decisions in ground water quality management need not only data on ground water quality but they also must understand the relationship of accuracies and risks associated with this data as related to the number of wells to sample. In this report we address this problem by using the philosophical doctrines of probabilism and relativism with simple statistical procedures. This requires a reasonable estimate of the population variance in a quality parameter for a given management-unit area, and requires that the decisionmaker formulate constraints with an acceptable standard error of the sample mean and be willing to accept some level of probability of being Wrong. This technique is illustrated using a 21-year data base of well water chemical data in a 653 km² ground water quality study area in the San Joaquin Valley of California.     

硫酸厂工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的研究

SO₂是硫酸厂、冶炼厂和火力发电厂等厂矿及其周围环境最常见的大气污染物之一。虽然有的研究者曾设想SO₂可能引起细胞染色体改变甚至诱发癌症,但有关SO₂引起细胞染色体损伤效应的研究甚少。近年来,Nordenson等曾报道,接触SO₂的工人其外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率增高。目前多数学者认为染色体断裂后遗留下来的无着丝粒断片可在细胞分裂后期仍留在细胞质中而形成微核,加之微核测定又是比染色体畸变分析较为简单、快速的细胞遗传学方法,故国际致突物和致癌物防护委员会(ICPEMC)将此项技术列为致突致癌研究的必测项目之一。     

硫酸厂工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的研究

SO_2是硫酸厂、冶炼厂和火力发电厂等厂矿及其周围环境最常见的大气污染物之一。虽然有的研究者曾设想SO_2可能引起细胞染色体改变甚至诱发癌症,但有关SO_2引起细胞染色体损伤效应的研究甚少。近年来,Nordenson等曾报道,接触SO_2的工人其外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率增高。目前多数学者认为染色体断裂后遗留下来的无着丝粒断片可在细胞分裂后期仍留在细胞质中而形成微核,加之微核测定又是比染色体畸变分析较为简单、快速的细胞遗传学方法,故国际致突物和致癌物防护委员会(ICPEMC)将此项技术列为致突致癌研究的必测项目之一。     

钾素营养对烤烟烟叶品质影响的研究进展

烟草是喜钾作物,增施钾肥可提高烟叶含钾量,提高烟叶的生理活性,提高烟叶内在品质,增加烤烟的抗逆性,提高产量及其质量,烟叶的含钾量直接影响烟叶的香气质、香气量、燃烧性和持火力等.