Reduction of Tobacco Smoking Health Risk Through an Appropriate Media Based Communication Strategy in Uganda

Abstract

The health impacts of tobacco consumption are well documented and have gained acceptance worldwide. Today, a substantial, preventable burden of tobacco attributable diseases exists in most countries, though in most of the cases, unknown. Smoking accounts for almost half of the deaths in middle age in some regions. In Uganda, translating findings into policy action is slow and involves several stakeholders. It will continue to require support from tobacco control campaign groups. This paper analyses secondary literature on tobacco smoking and later provides an appropriate medium based communication strategy that can be adopted to counteract the persuasive smoking evil adverts of tobacco companies as well as creating awareness among the population of the health impacts caused by smoking.     

烟梗黄原酸酯吸附铜离子性能研究

以废烟梗为原料,通过制备烟梗黄原酸酯对废烟梗进行化学改性,并用其吸附Cu^2＋。考察了搅拌速度,吸附剂用量,pH,温度,粒度,Cu^2＋初始浓度和吸附时间对吸附量的影响,发现各种参数对Cu^2＋的吸附都有影响。对于50mg／L的Cu^2＋,吸附平衡时间为10min,吸附量为19．30mg／g,Cu^2＋去除率可达96％。室温下吸附Cu^2＋时,可以用拟二级动力学模型描述。结果表明,化学改性的废烟梗去除Cu^2＋具有良好的应用前景。     

从废次烟叶中提取茄尼醇的研究

采用有机溶剂浸取法从烟草废弃物中提取茄尼醇,对萃取溶剂和工艺条件进行了筛选,实验结果表明以石油醚作溶剂,提取时间3h,温度35℃为提取茄尼醇较适宜的条件,茄尼醇提取率达2．8％,溶剂回收率为68．6％。     

防洪预报调度方式下水库下游防洪风险分析--以葠窝水库为例

水库实施的防洪预报调度方式是解决我国防洪和兴利之间矛盾的一条有效途径,其对水库上下游的防洪风险率的大小是决定其能否实施的关键.目前对此缺少一种定量计算方法.本文在分析防洪预报调度方式风险指标的前提下,根据水库洪水径流深与产流预报误差的分布规律,采用数值分析方法计算水库实施防洪预报调度方式时,相对于常规调度方式,产流预报误差对水库下游防洪风险率,并以实例论述了具体分析思路和计算过程.     

Survival of faecal coliforms and hygiene risks in soils treated with municipal sewage sludges

An incubation experiment was conducted to monitor effect of sewage sludge application on changes in numbers of faecal coliforms in soils over time after sludge application and evaluate the hygiene risks. Soil faecal coliform counts were made after 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84 days of incubation. The faecal coliform counts in the sludge-treated soils decreased substantially with time and were similar to those in the untreated controls after incubation for 56 days. Land application of air-dried sludges increased the hygiene risks due to the re-growth of faecal coliforms, and the counts of faecal coliforms in soil treated with air dried sludge from Suzhou (91% DM) were 50 times higher than in soils with fresh dewatered sludge from Suzhou (15% DM) after 7 days of incubation. The main factors affecting the changes in faecal coliform counts were sludge type and incubation time. Sludge type determined the faecal coliform counts and the ability of the faecal coliforms to re-establish, and indigenous microorganisms competed with the faecal coliforms for nutrients during the incubation process.     

松花江哈尔滨段及阿什河抗生素的分布规律与生态风险评估

利用固相萃取、高效液相色谱-质谱串联法检测分析松花江流域哈尔滨段及支流阿什河中磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类这3类10种抗生素分布规律,分析了抗生素浓度与水质指标的相关性,并评估其生态风险.结果表明,10种抗生素中在松花江哈尔滨城区入境断面仅检测到6种抗生素并且检测浓度相对较低,但在出境断面检测出 9种抗生素仅磺胺甲嘧...     

沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价

研究了处于城镇化进程中沈抚新城表层土壤多环芳烃的污染水平.从沈抚新城采集了54个土壤表层样品,包括4种不同土地利用类型(城镇用地、农村用地、林地、耕地),分析了不同土地利用类型中多环芳烃的含量,利用特征比值法与主成分分析对其进行来源分析,利用Ba P毒性当量含量及终生癌症风险增量模型(ILCR)对不同土地利用类型表层土壤内PAHs进行风险评价.城镇用地、耕地、农村用地、林地这4种土地利用类型ΣPAHs的含量分别为184~18 276、230~14 102、151~3 205、303~2 980μg·kg-1.不同土地利用类型土壤中PAHs来源相似,主要以煤燃烧源与交通源为主;风险评价表明沈抚地区存在潜在的健康风险,尤其是城镇用地风险水平最高,且最易通过皮肤接触途径暴露于土壤PAHs中.     

电石渣堆放场重金属生态风险评价与成因分析

为了解电石渣堆放场重金属潜在生态风险和成因,选择天津市某电石渣堆放场为研究对象,通过现场采集电石渣样品和土壤样品,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价方法对土壤重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Hg含量进行分析.结果表明,场地内Zn,Cu,Cr平均值与天津市土壤背景值十分接近,地累积指数分布在-1.60～-0...     

退役工业固废填埋场地再利用的全寿命环境风险特征

通过现场采样和过程模型模拟等方法研究了典型退役工业固废填埋场地（DISWL）原位开发条件下的健康风险及长期演化规律.结果表明,经过近20a的浸出和降解,86%的废物浸出浓度依然处于有害水平,70%的废物不宜直接作为建设用地土壤.直接作为建筑用地开发利用条件下,由于DISWL的性能退化会导致有害组分的浸出和渗漏增加,由此导致地下水水质超标概率经历从无（短期）到有（中期,个别物质如总氰化物T-CN和易释放氰化物F-CN）,再到后期的较大概率超标（T-CN和F-CN）的渐变过程;同时,场地利用过程的健康风险也逐步增加,来自于As的致癌风险和自于T-CN的非致癌风险,分别超过风险可接受水平的81~179倍和55.32~224.3倍.上述结果提示DISWL场地开发再利用的风险评估和管控策略应重点考虑长期风险.对于长期风险不可接受的场地,通过降低废物中毒性物质的浸出浓度可实现长期风险可接受,并提出了相应浸出浓度限值的计算框架和方法.     

不同陈化烟叶叶面高温微生物多样性

以国内外不同品种、不同陈化时间的10个烟叶样品为材料,对其叶面高温微生物进行了分离纯化、鉴定和多样性研究,以了解表面高温微生物在烟叶陈化发酵中的作用.结果表明:陈化烟叶表面高温菌总量为103~105个/g,高温细菌占绝对优势,真菌很少,未能分离到放线菌和酵母菌;高温细菌主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)两个属,芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属;高温霉菌主要包括青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),曲霉属为优势菌属.国内外烟叶表面微生物种类和数量有所差异,与陈化时间和烟叶品种等因素有着密切关系.