施用生物炭对云南烟区红壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

生物炭是一种重要的土壤改良剂,为深入研究其对云南烟区红壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的作用,开展了为期3年的生物炭田间定位试验.试验共设3个处理,分别为常规施肥(B0)、常规施肥配施生物炭15 t·hm-2(B15)、常规施肥配施生物炭30 t·hm-2(B30).结果表明:1随着生物炭施用年限和施用量的增加,土壤有机碳含量显著增加,B15和B30处理较对照(B0)分别增加了38.7%和60.1%;2施用生物炭显著提高了土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,其中B30处理增幅最大.在不同粒级团聚体中0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量增幅最大,与对照相比,B15和B30处理分别增加了24.9%和36.4%;3施炭处理(B15,B30)土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和大于0.25 mm团聚体数量(R0.25)也较对照显著增加,表明土壤团聚体稳定性显著提高;4连续施用生物炭3年后,大团聚体有机碳的贡献率明显升高,而微团聚体则相反.综上所述,生物炭对土壤团聚体和有机碳的作用过程是持续的,连续施用生物炭可显著提升土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性、土壤和各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,在改善土壤物理性状的同时,有利于稳定增加土壤碳汇.     

SVM application in hazard assessment: Self-heating for sulfurized rust

In order to assess the oxidation self-heating hazard of sulfurized rust, for particular ambient conditions in crude oil tanks, the support vector machine (SVM) technique is applied to predict the maximum temperature (T_max) of oxidation self-heating process. Five governing parameters are selected, i.e. the water content, mass of sulfurized rust, operating temperature, air flow rate and oxygen concentration in the respiratory/safety valve. The efficiency and validity of the SVM predictions are investigated in the case of two sets of data: more than 85 experiments performed in academic lab (China) and almost 17 additional results collected from existing literature. Two main steps are also discussed: the training process (on selected subsets of data) and prediction process (for the remaining subsets of data). It can be concluded that for both datasets the maximum temperature (T_max) values calculated by SVM technique were in good accordance with the experimental results, with relative errors smaller than 15% except for a few cases.The SVM technique seems therefore to be relevant and very helpful for complex implicit processes such as chemical reactions, as it is the case of the oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tanks. Furthermore, such predictive methods can be continuously be improved through additional experiments feedback (larger databases) and can then be of crucial help for monitoring and early warning of hazardous reactions.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的铅酸蓄电池厂土壤健康风险评价

以土壤中的风险指标(Pb,Cd,As)为研究对象,将蒙特卡罗模拟方法应用到某铅酸蓄电池厂土壤重金属的健康风险评价中,解决了土壤重金属影响人体健康风险的不确定性问题。结果表明,土壤中Pb对成人不存在非致癌风险,对儿童存在非致癌风险;土壤中Cd,As对成人、儿童都不存在致癌风险;影响Pb,Cd和As进入人体单位体重的致癌、非致癌风险水平大小的主要因素为土壤重金属浓度。研究结果在一定程度上可为铅酸蓄电池厂土壤不确定性健康风险评价提供参考依据。     

Reduction of Tobacco Smoking Health Risk Through an Appropriate Media Based Communication Strategy in Uganda

The health impacts of tobacco consumption are well documented and have gained acceptance worldwide. Today, a substantial, preventable burden of tobacco attributable diseases exists in most countries, though in most of the cases, unknown. Smoking accounts for almost half of the deaths in middle age in some regions. In Uganda, translating findings into policy action is slow and involves several stakeholders. It will continue to require support from tobacco control campaign groups. This paper analyses secondar...     

不同控烟方式下火灾烟气运动演化规律比较分析

为优化选择与确定最优控烟方式,最大限度地减少人员伤亡和财产损失,利用火灾场模拟软件FDS对南宁市某地下超市火灾烟气的运动过程进行数值模拟,分别探讨了自然排烟、机械排烟、喷水灭火系统、机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统4种火灾场景下烟气的运动过程,揭示出不同场景下火灾烟气的运动演化规律.结果表明,与自然排烟相比,机械排烟对于降低CO(低0.21％)和CO2(低2.6％)体积分数效果明显,能有效阻止O2(高1.8％)体积分数与能见度降低(延缓120 s);喷水灭火系统能有效降低烟气温度(降低200℃),在一定程度上抑制O2(高1.0％)体积分数的降低;机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统能有效降低CO(低0.24％)和CO2(低3.4％)体积分数及烟气温度(降低270℃),还能阻止O2(高3.2％)体积分数与能见度降低(延缓160s);机械排烟、喷水灭火系统均对地下超市火灾烟气蔓延有较强的阻碍作用,但每个独立系统的控烟效果远不及机械排烟与喷水灭火复合系统明显.     

凤眼莲、稻草和污泥制备生物炭的特性表征与环境影响解析

有机废弃物限氧热解制备生物炭可在减缓温室气体排放的同时改善土壤和水体环境质量,但同时生物炭在环境中的应用具有潜在生态毒理风险.因此,在将生物炭大规模应用于各类环境介质前,对其关键物理-化学性质进行系统分析与评价是极为必要的.本文选择对我国水生生态环境危害最大的入侵植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和我国产量最高的农业废弃物稻草,以及市政污水处理厂剩余污泥3种生物质前体,于250~550℃进行低温慢热解,对所制备生物炭的表面形貌、元素组成、矿物形态和一系列关键化学特性进行了全面表征与比较分析.在此基础上,深入探讨了此3类生物炭应用于土壤改良、重金属污染修复和水体富营养化控制的潜力与风险.结果表明,凤眼莲生物炭中K、Ca、Na、Mg含量最为丰富,指示其对于缓解土壤酸化具有重要应用价值,而其中P主要以AlPO_4晶体态存在,水溶性较低,这有利于降低此类生物炭引起水体富营养化的风险;水稻秸秆生物炭阳离子交换量(CEC)相对较高,达到33.7 cmol·kg~(-1),表明其在提高土壤保肥能力和降低重金属生物有效性方面具有较大潜力;SEM-EDX显示,凤眼莲生物炭和稻草秸秆生物炭均具有发达的束筒结构,可优先考虑用于改善土壤通气性;但是,部分生物炭中水溶性Cd、As含量超出安全阈值,表明对有机质前体和热解产物进行严格检测和筛选是实现生物炭在环境与农业中安全利用的必要环节.     

Impact of pregnancy and other factors including smoking on the urinary levels of triclosan

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to evaluate the impact of pregnancy on the levels of triclosan (TCS) in urine. Regression models were fitted to evaluate this association with adjustment for other factors that may affect the levels of TCS. Pregnant females had higher levels of TCS than non-pregnant females but the differences were not statistically significant. Levels of TCS were statistically significantly lower during the second trimester than during the third trimester. Smoking was associated with statistically significantly lower levels of TCS. The reasons for the association between smoking and the levels of TCS are not known. Further research is needed in this area.     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH,temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony(Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 104mg/kg.Effects of initial p H, temperature and four organic acids(acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors.Approximately 30%(97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The p H-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded(average9 × 103mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils(2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.? 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH, temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony (Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 10⁴ mg/kg. Effects of initial pH, temperature and four organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors. Approximately 30% (97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The pH-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded (average 9 × 10³ mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils (2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.