Fragmentation profiles for real and simulated landscapes

When a natural landscape is represented by a series of categorical raster maps of varying resolution, a multiresolution characterization of spatial pattern can be obtained in which entropy is computed at each resolution conditional on the next coarser resolution. The series of entropy values is plotted as a function of resolution, resulting in a multiresolution profile of fragmentation pattern in the landscape. If a categorical raster map is available at a single resolution only, a series of degraded maps at increasingly coarser resolutions is generated and the fragmentation profile is computed for this series. An algorithm has been developed for obtaining the profile directly from the single resolution map without having to generate and store the coarser resolution maps. A hierarchical stochastic model is described for simulating categorical raster maps and the fragmentation profile of the generating process is obtained in terms of the model parameters. These process profiles provide benchmarks for assessing empirical profiles obtained from raster maps of actual landscapes. Methods of the paper are applied to several watersheds of Pennsylvania using landcover maps derived from satellite imagery. These examples indicate that characteristic landscape types induce characteristic features in their fragmentation profiles.     

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF ESTIMATES FROM A RUNOFF CONTOUR MAP1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted an analysis to quantify the uncertainty associated with interpolating runoff to specific sites using a runoff contour map. We interpolated runoff to 93 gaged watersheds from a runoff contour map using (1) hand interpolation to the watershed outlet, (2) a computer interpolation to the watershed outlet, and (3) hand interpolation to the watershed centroid. We compared the interpolated values to the actual gaged values and found that there was a bias in the average interpolated value for runoff estimated at basin outlets, with interpolated values being less than the actual. We found no significant difference between the hand interpolation method and the computer interpolation method except that the computer method tended to have higher variability due to factors inherent to the software used. There were no strong spatial correlations or regional patterns in the runoff interpolations, which indicates that there are no regional biases introduced in the development of the contour map. We determined that we could estimate runoff, on the average, within approximately 8.9 cm (3.5 in; 15 percent) of the measured value using the three methods. The results of this work indicate that runoff contour maps can he used in regional studies to estimate runoff to ungaged systems with quantifiable uncertainty.     

A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1

A technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis. Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.     

THE USE OF FLOOD POTENTIAL INDICES FOR FLOOD PEAK ESTIMATION ON UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

: The construction of a flood peak index map was attempted for use by hydrologists in the simple format of rainfall maps. Since flood peaks are highly dependent on watershed area, the effect of area was removed. By regression analysis flood peaks of 2.33 and 100-year return periods were found to be proportional to watershed area to the 0.8 and 0.7 powers, respectively. Therefore, indices C_{2 33}= Q_{2 33}/_A0.7 were completed at each gage and plotted on a Pennsylvania map. It was attempted to further remove some of the scatter by regression of C with several other watershed parameters like slope, percent forest cover, and watershed shape, but no significant correlation could be found. The index maps, drawn without attenuation of the scatter, can be used by hydrologists to compute flood peaks as Q = CAⁿ (with n = 0.8 and 0.7 for the 2.33 and 100-year flood peaks, respectively). Flood peak safety factors can be based on visual observation of the index variation in the vicinity of the location for which the flood peak estimate is needed.     

基于MODIS EVI的重庆植被覆盖变化的地形效应

基于2000—2015年的MODIS EVI数据,采用趋势分析结合地形差异修正,分析了重庆市植被覆盖变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明:1)近16 a来,重庆植被以低覆盖度和中覆盖度为主,低覆盖度呈下降趋势,劣覆盖度、中覆盖度和高覆盖度呈上升趋势;2)研究区植被显著减少趋势占3.84%,基本不变占81.12%,显著增加占15.04%,植被变化总体上呈恢复趋势;3)在地势低(400 m)、坡度小(6°)的区域,植被覆盖度低,但变化趋势显著;在400~1 200 m、6°~15°的区域,植被变化趋势分布出现由优势到非优势或由非优势到优势的转折;4)在地势高(1 200 m)、坡度大(15°)的区域,植被覆盖度高,变化趋势较弱,但是在高程大于1 500 m、坡度大于25°的区域也存在植被减少的现象;5)不同坡向上,除了在平地区域植被变化趋势较显著外,其余坡向差异不明显。     

岷江上游小流域多尺度NDVI与地形的关系研究

基于2015年OLI遥感影像和DEM数据,运用二维小波变换研究了岷江上游干旱河谷渭门小流域NDVI与地形因子的多尺度耦合关系。结果表明：（1）渭门小流域NDVI的空间分布特征为东南低西北高、河谷低山地高。多尺度下低频部分NDVI与地形因子的空间相似性和相关性大小均为坡向 > 高程 > 坡度。高程、坡度与NDVI低频系数的最强相关性出现在较大尺度,而坡向与NDVI低频系数的最强相关性出现在较小尺度。（2）NDVI的空间波动性随着分解尺度的增大而增强,但波动性的强弱与地形因子并未表现出明显的空间相似性。高频部分NDVI与各地形因子的相关性随小波分解尺度的变化规律不明显。（3）NDVI的空间分布特征是由高程、坡度和坡向共同决定,但是各因子对NDVI的控制作用大小随尺度发生改变。小波变换可以揭示出NDVI和地形因子的多尺度特征,对干旱河谷植被景观的合理布局,提高生物多样性,生态环境保护和农业产业规划具有重要意义。     

2000～2021年成渝城市群PM2.5时空变化及驱动机制多维探测

研究成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度时空变化和驱动机制，对区域大气环境保护和国家经济可持续发展具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5遥感数据、 DEM数据、基于站点的气象数据、 MODIS NDVI数据、人口密度数据、夜间灯光数据、路网数据和土地利用类型数据，采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验等方法，结合地理探测器，在多时空尺度上分析成渝城市群PM_2.5时空变化，并探测影响其变化的驱动机制.结果表明，2000～2021年成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度整体呈波动下降态势，冬季PM_2.5污染最为突出.PM_2.5浓度具有明显的空间异质性，呈现出“中间高，四周低”的空间分布特征，PM_2.5浓度高值区主要集中在自贡、内江、资阳和广安，PM_2.5浓度呈显著下降的区域主要集中在重庆西部等地.因子探测结果表明，成渝城市群PM_2.5浓度空间分异受气候、地形、植被和人文因子共同影响.高程、...