生活排污权交易的再思考

生活排污权交易是一种以市场为基础、控制城市生活污染的有效途径,近年来开始得到关注。本文针对中国城市环境管理现状,分析了中国试行生活排污权交易所面临的三大障碍,指出了试行生活排污权交易需协调好的三大关系,并提出了试行生活排污权交易的三点构想,对生活排污权交易的理论研究进行了有益的探索。     

Quantitative analysis of CO2 embodiment in international trade: An overview of emerging literatures

The increasing volume of CO₂ embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO₂ emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO₂ embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO₂ embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO₂ embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO₂ embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO₂ embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO₂ emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO₂ emissions.     

基于CVM的宁波天童天然林碳汇贸易研究

以宁波天童天然林为例,探讨了将天然林碳汇纳入碳汇贸易的方法和途径,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算了天童天然林碳汇价值,并探讨了天然林碳汇贸易的可行性.结果表明:(1)与人工林碳汇相比,天然林碳汇在数量、生态功能和保育价值方面具优势,将天然林碳汇纳入碳汇贸易,是对现有人工林碳汇贸易的有益补充;(2)公众对碳汇贸易普遍持...     

欧盟WEEE指令及其最新进展

本文以欧盟WEEE指令为中心,研究了该指令及其最新进展,对其与贸易壁垒的关系及对我国的影响和启示进行了探讨。     

基于投入产出法的中国虚拟水国际贸易分析

文章引入虚拟水和虚拟水贸易的概念,基于投入产出方法,对中国虚拟水贸易进行研究分析。选取2002年、2005年和2007年相关数据,计算中国17个行业及全国的虚拟水进出口量,分析中国虚拟水进出口情况,指出中国是一个虚拟水净出口国,并且虚拟水净出口量始终处于增长状态,主要出口到美洲、欧洲和亚洲。在中国虚拟水贸易中,对虚拟水净出口贡献较大的行业为服装皮革羽绒及其制品业、纺织业、木材加工及家具制造业和农业,而对虚拟水净进口有贡献的行业为能源行业、金属矿采选业、化学工业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业,由于净出口行业基本上为耗水量比较大的行业,净进口行业耗水量相对较小,这就导致了中国虚拟水始终处于净出口状态。这些都为行业战略调整提供了一定的依据。     

虚拟水研究与应用进展

虚拟水是解决水资源短缺和粮食安全问题的新途径,是目前国际新兴的研究热点。文中系统地阐述了虚拟水的概念和内涵,归纳总结了关于产品的虚拟水含量的计算方法,包括基于不同产品类型区别计算的方法和产品生产树的方法。并且介绍了虚拟水的应用情况,还对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Trade and the environment: An application of the WIOD database

The new WIOD database allows for improved empirical analysis on a wide range of important environmental research questions.In this paper we demonstrate the scientific power of the WIOD database and analyze very urgent policy questions on the impacts of international trade and structural change on the environment.We apply recent econometric approaches to show the impact of international trade on the environment via its different channels as for instance to increase welfare and potentially affect environmental regulation as well as countries’sector.This approach has become known as the econometric structural decomposition method.In addition to these guidelines by the literature,an econometric panel data approach is offered to shed some light on the impact of structural change and international trade on environmental pressure,where we especially address and solve several endogeneity issues that add further complexity to the analysis.     

China’s Export Expansion,Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. “High export and high energy consumption” has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input–output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input–output data of 2005, by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita energy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy– efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

Abstract

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input–output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994–2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

全球价值链视角下中国农产品贸易隐含氮、磷、钾研究

基于GTAP数据库提供的多区域投入产出表,采用全球价值链方法测算中国农产品贸易中隐含的化肥转移,并按照农产品最终消费的地理位置将其分解为四部分。研究发现：（1）中国农产品进口为国内节约640万t化肥（占我国化肥用量的13%）,同时引起全球化肥用量节约285万t,为缓解全球资源和环境压力做出贡献;（2）中国农产品贸易深度参与全球价值链,进口农产品中隐含的化肥有12%会再次出口到全球,意味着农产品贸易背后隐含的资源到达中国后会再次出口,形成多次跨境转移。建议在全球价值链视角下更为客观地估算农产品贸易隐含的化肥及其他资源环境问题,倡导共同承担贸易引致的资源环境问题。