遥感监测沙尘暴的研究进展及趋势

沙尘暴是一种气象灾害,也是严重的生态环境问题.它对自然环境和经济社会的危害已越来越引起人类的重视.随着环境遥感的发展,运用遥感技术对沙尘暴进行监测是最有效的方法之一.文章通过对中国沙尘暴遥感监测研究的现状的概述以及对当前遥感应用的技术水平的分析,展望了未来遥感监测沙尘暴的发展趋势.     

Longitudinal analysis of bioaccumulative contaminants in freshwater fishes

The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) was initiated in 1967 as a component of the National Pesticide Monitoring program. It consists of periodic collection of freshwater fish and other samples and the analysis of the concentrations of persistent environmental contaminants in these samples. For the analysis, the common approach has been to apply the mixed two-way ANOVA model to combined data. A main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot give a detailed temporal trend of the concentrations since the data are grouped. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that performs a longitudinal analysis of the information using random effects models. In the new approach, no grouping is needed and the data are treated as samples from continuous stochastic processes, which seems more appropriate than ANOVA for the problem.     

大气污染防治行动对哈尔滨常规大气污染物的影响

自2013年我国实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,我国大气中常规污染物的浓度逐年降低,环境空气质量得到了显著改善.哈尔滨市2014年以来,也陆续实施了《清洁空气行动计划》、《大气污染防治专项行动计划（2016─2018）》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》.本文基于哈尔滨市2015—2019年6种常规大气污染物在国控站点的浓度数据,对其污染特征和年际变化规律进行了深入研究.结果表明,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的浓度呈现显著下降的趋势,而O₃的浓度却呈现上升的趋势.相关性分析表明大部分污染物与温度、湿度、降雨和风速均具有显著的相关性,反映了气象参数对于大气中常规污染物浓度的影响.谐波回归模型的结果表明,污染物的浓度具有明显的季节变化趋势和年际变化趋势,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的半衰期分别为5.05±0.310、7.81±0.640、6.32±0.312、6.58±0.297和8.13±0.442年,O₃的倍增期为10.0±1.02年.结合哈尔滨近几年实施的大气污染防治行动计划,表明大气污染源的有效控制是常规大气污染物浓度持续下降的主要原因.     

挥发性有机废气生物处理技术研究进展

随着现代工业的快速发展,带来的挥发性有机废气(VOCs)排放到大气中,逐渐增加的VOCs已成为当今关注的重要环境问题之一。生物净化VOCs具有易操作、维护方便、净化效率高、运行费用低、安全性高、无二次污染等优点而备受世界各国的广泛关注。VOCs废气生物处理技术原理是将有机污染物在微生物作用下转换为无害或者低害的物质,而微生物则起到了至关重要的作用。综述了生物滤池、生物滴滤、生物洗涤3种净化工艺的原理和研究进展,将3种反应器优缺点进行了对比;最后论述了该技术当前存在问题及发展趋势。     

洋河流域不同时空水体重金属污染及健康风险评价

确定水体重金属污染及健康风险时空变化趋势,对流域水环境管理具有重要指导意义。基于1995年、2005年和2015年洋河流域10个监测断面的重金属监测数据,采用健康风险评价模型,对洋河流域As、Cd、Pb、Hg 和 Cu 的浓度及其引起健康风险的时空变化进行了评价。结果表明,洋河流域重金属污染及其健康风险在时间上呈降低趋势,超过地表水质量标准三类标准的重金属由1995年的Cd、Pb和Hg变为2005年和2015年的Cd、Pb。致癌物质As和Cd所引起的个人年均风险远远高于非致癌物质 Pb、Hg 和 Cu。重金属健康风险总和在1995年所有监测断面均超过国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平,2005年全部在最大可接受风险水平以下,2015年只有响水铺略微高于该水平。在空间分布上,重金属污染较为严重及其健康风险较大的区域集中于南洋河下游城区段、清水河下游张家口市区段和洋河干流下游段。     

Loss of Large Predatory Sharks from the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract:  Evidence for severe declines in large predatory fishes is increasing around the world. Because of its long history of intense fishing, the Mediterranean Sea offers a unique perspective on fish population declines over historical timescales. We used a diverse set of records dating back to the early 19th and mid 20th century to reconstruct long-term population trends of large predatory sharks in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. We compiled 9 time series of abundance indices from commercial and recreational fishery landings, scientific surveys, and sighting records. Generalized linear models were used to extract instantaneous rates of change from each data set, and a meta-analysis was conducted to compare population trends. Only 5 of the 20 species we considered had sufficient records for analysis. Hammerhead ( Sphyrna spp.), blue ( Prionace glauca ), mackerel ( Isurus oxyrinchus and Lamna nasus ), and thresher sharks ( Alopias vulpinus ) declined between 96 and 99.99% relative to their former abundance. According to World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria, these species would be considered critically endangered. So far, the lack of quantitative population assessments has impeded shark conservation in the Mediterranean Sea. Our study fills this critical information gap, suggesting that current levels of exploitation put large sharks at risk of extinction in the Mediterranean Sea. Possible ecosystem effects of these losses involve a disruption of top-down control and a release of midlevel consumers.     

基于文献计量学的中国湿地碳循环研究进展

为探明中国湿地碳循环的研究现状及发展趋势,基于Web of Science（WoS）和CNKI数据库中2000—2020年发表的中国湿地碳循环研究的相关文献信息,运用文献计量学方法对年度发文量、引用频次、作者、国家、机构、期刊、关键词等进行分析,解析了国内外该领域的研究进展并对未来发展提出了建议。结果表明：2000—2020年共发表有关中国湿地碳循环领域文献2 998篇,WoS和CNKI数据库分别为1 120和1 878篇,年发文量呈现波动上升的趋势;WoS数据库中的文献涉及全球51个国家,其中中国发文量为1 075篇,占总发文量的95.98%;“湿地”“土壤有机碳”“甲烷释放”是中介中心性较高的关键词,是湿地碳循环研究的核心内容;Ecological Engineering和《生态学报》分别是该领域外文和中文文献的主要期刊载体;温室气体交换机制和通量、微生物对碳循环的影响、湿地土壤的碳生态化学计量特征、湿地碳循环与全球变化等是近5年来中国湿地碳循环研究的热点问题。计量分析结果有助于全面了解中国湿地碳循环研究现状及进展,为国内外的湿地碳研究提供参考。

     

近50年长江流域降水日数的演变趋势

通过分析不同强度降水量（大于75百分位和大于95百分位降水,下同）对应降水日数,研究了长江流域1951~2000年逐年和年代际降水日数变化趋势。大于75百分位的降水日数在上游以及中游的北岸增加趋势最显著,四川盆地是唯一显示减少趋势的地区。同样,大于95百分位的降水日数在中游和下游也表现出十分明显的增加趋势,呈现减少趋势的仍然是四川盆地,并略向其北方延伸。详细分析每10年的平均降水日数的距平发现,大于75百分位降水日数最大的正距平集中在中游的1980s、1990s和下游的1980s。最大的负距平也是在中游地区,发生在1950~1979年。因此,中游的降水日数增加的幅度最大。对于大于95百分位降水日数,长江流域中游和下游的变化趋势也是一致的,在1960s 和1970s的负距平后,都出现较大的正距平。上游降水日数的年际变化要小于中下游。比较不同百分位降水日数的变化趋势,可将长江流域1950~2000年降水日数的变化趋势分为3种类型：（1）在大于75百分位降水日数增加的同时,大于95百分位降水日数却有所减少;（2）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈减少的趋势;（3）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈增加趋势。     

岷江乐山段有机污染状况及变化趋势分析

“三氧”是衡量水质有机污染的重要指标。本文针对岷江乐山段地面水质污染属有机污染的特点,以“三氧”为依据研究了其有机污染的变化趋势,并对其污染状况进行了分析,提出了防治污染的对策和建议。     

Effects of stewardship on protected area effectiveness for coastal birds

Evaluation of protected area effectiveness is critical for conservation of biodiversity. Protected areas that prioritize biodiversity conservation are, optimally, located and managed in ways that support relatively large and stable or increasing wildlife populations. Yet evaluating conservation efficacy remains a challenging endeavor. We used an extensive community science data set, eBird, to evaluate the efficacy of protected areas for birds across the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the United States. We modeled trends (2007–2018) for 12 vulnerable waterbirds that use coastal areas during breeding or wintering. We compared two types of protected areas—sites where conservation organizations implemented active stewardship or management or both to reduce human disturbance (hereafter stewardship sites) and local, state, federal, and private protected areas managed to maintain natural land cover (hereafter protected areas)—as well as unprotected areas. We evaluated differences in trends between stewardship, protected, and unprotected areas across the Gulf and Atlantic coasts as a whole. Similar to a background sample, stewardship was known to occur at stewardship sites, but unknown at protected and unprotected areas. Four of 12 target species—Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), Least Tern (Sternula antillarum), and Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)—had more positive trends (two to 34 times greater) at stewardship sites than protected areas. Furthermore, five target species showed more positive trends at sites with stewardship programs than unprotected sites during at least one season, whereas seven species showed more positive trends at protected than unprotected areas. No species had more negative trends at stewardship sites than unprotected areas, and two species had more negative trends at protected than unprotected areas. Anthropogenic disturbance is a serious threat to coastal birds, and our findings demonstrate that stewardship to reduce its negative impacts helps ensure conservation of vulnerable waterbirds.