炼油厂轻污染水回用试验研究

针对某炼油厂轻污染废水水质情况,选用了BAF(生物曝气滤池)工艺+SF(砂滤)工艺对该废水进行净化处理。通过试验研究,得到了BAF工艺合适的运行参数,取得了满意的试验结果。经BAF工艺处理后,出水COD和油平均浓度分别为9.78mg/L和0.24mg/L,再经SF工艺进一步去除SS后,出水SS平均浓度为3.8mg/L,系统处理出水完全达到工业回用水水质要求。试验证明:BAF工艺是一种高效的处理方法,适合炼油厂轻污染水的净化处理。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液对小鼠遗传毒性和肝肾功能的影响

对垃圾填埋过程中产生的渗滤液的遗传毒性及其对肝肾功能的影响进行了初步研究. 选用经口急性毒性试验和微核试验,以某垃圾卫生填埋场2005年11月渗滤液为受试物,ICR纯种小鼠为受试对象,设置高、中、低3个浓度(即渗滤液原液,10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液)渗滤液染毒组和对照组,取小鼠眼静脉血测定总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST) 、血清肌酐(Cr)和血尿酸氮(BUN)5项生化指标,探讨渗滤液诱发小鼠肝肾及遗传损伤. 结果表明,高、中浓度组小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率分别为18.8‰和3.8‰,与阴性对照组相比,2组的微核率显著增加(n10,P<0.05). 血清生化分析表明,中、高浓度组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)分别为70.4和70.0 U/L,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);渗滤液低、中、高浓度组谷草转氨酶(AST)分别为247.1,255.1和281.6 U/L,与对照组相比,3个浓度组的差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01).整体动物试验水平表明,渗滤液可能对哺乳动物具有遗传损伤效应,对肝功能也可能会产生一定的影响.      

Habitat Fragmentation and Species Loss across Three Interacting Trophic Levels: Effects of Life-History and Food-Web Traits

Abstract:  Not all species are likely to be equally affected by habitat fragmentation; thus, we evaluated the effects of size of forest remnants on trophically linked communities of plants, leaf-mining insects, and their parasitoids. We explored the possibility of differential vulnerability to habitat area reduction in relation to species-specific and food-web traits by comparing species–area regression slopes. Moreover, we searched for a synergistic effect of these traits and of trophic level . We collected mined leaves and recorded plant, leaf miner, and parasitoid species interactions in five 100-m² transects in 19 Chaco Serrano woodland remnants in central Argentina. Species were classified into extreme categories according to body size, natural abundance, trophic breadth, and trophic level . Species–area slopes differed between groups with extreme values of natural abundance or trophic specialization. Nevertheless, synergistic effects of life-history and food-web traits were only found for trophic level and trophic breadth: area-related species loss was highest for specialist parasitoids. It has been suggested that species position within interaction webs could determine their vulnerability to extinction. Our results provide evidence that food-web parameters, such as trophic level and trophic breadth, affect species sensitivity to habitat fragmentation .     

渤海渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素分析

论文基于对渔业统计和海洋调查资料的集成研究,运用渔获物平均营养级指数探讨了近50 a 来渤海捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素,发现1956-2000 年间,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级（Y）与公元年份（X）具有Y=-0.008X+19.777 （R=-0.710,n=41,Sig.=0.000）的统计关系,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级每年下降约0.01。黄河入海径流量与捕捞渔获物平均营养级之间正相关性显著,其机制是淡水输入量通过改变适应不同盐度渔业资源生物幼体的相对组成而最终影响其成体后的组成结构;通过食物链的传递,水体氮磷比的升高和硅的降低也会对其产生影响;浮游动物与底栖动物生物量比值与浮游食物链和底栖食物链渔业资源生物量比值有很好的对应关系,表明上行作用对捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化具有重要影响。     

不同设障年限沙丘土壤粒径和有机碳分布特征

为探讨沙柳沙障对毛乌素沙地土壤粒径和SOC(土壤有机碳)的影响,选取流动沙丘、设障2和7 a的半固定和固定沙丘为研究对象,利用多重分形理论分析不同设障年限沙丘PSD(土壤粒径分布)(以φ计)和w(SOC)的分布特征. 结果表明:设置沙障后,φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)与φ(极细砂)增加,φ(细砂)与φ(中砂)下降;土壤粒径的多重分形参数D₁/D₀(D₁为PSD均匀性程度,D₀为PSD宽度)和~f()谱图可以反映沙丘土壤PSD的宽度与均匀性程度,随着设障年限延长,PSD的D₁/D₀均小于流动沙丘,土壤中细粒物质显著增多. D₀表现为设障7 a沙丘(1.01)>流动沙丘(1.00)>设障2 a沙丘(0.93),D₁表现为流动沙丘(0.91)>设障2 a沙丘(0.88)>设障7 a沙丘(0.65). w(SOC)随着设障年限的延长而显著增加,设障7 a沙丘与其他2类沙丘间w(SOC)差异显著;多重分形参数可以表征土壤养分状况与流沙防治状况,设障沙丘上部、下部的w(SOC)与PSD的D₁/D₀之间有明显的相关关系,设障沙丘上部、下部D₁/D₀间呈明显负相关,设障沙丘中部D₁/D₀之间则呈正相关,流动沙丘各部位w(SOC)与D₁/D₀间无显著相关关系.      

煤矿水文地质勘探中稳定流抽水试验确定水文地质参数讨论

<正>确的水文地质参数是准确预测矿井涌水量的基础。以实际抽水试验为基础,对比计算分析单孔抽水、一个观测孔和两个观测孔三种不同抽水试验方式下的水文地质参数,然后在考虑井损的情况下,对抽水孔的降深进行修正,以期得到更加精确的水文地质参数。结果表明,由于经验公式及井损的影响,使得单孔抽水所得参数误差及离散度较大,即使对降深进行修正后,单孔抽水依然得不到理想的结果。因此,建议采用两个观测孔的抽水试验方式来获取较为正确的水文地质参数。研究结果可为含水层水文地质参数计算及矿井涌水量预测提供理论依据,对矿井防排水系统设计和防治水措施制定具有重要现实意义。     

Hematoxicity and hepatoxicity attributed to zinc and cadmium in the Norwegian rat

This study was carried out to determine changes in the blood and liver of rats given oral doses of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Thirty 3 month old rats were kept six to a compartment in a well-demarcated five compartment cage labeled A, B, C, D, and E. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, and with ad libitum administration of water and feed, group A and B rats were, respectively, exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄, respectively, mixed with their feed. Group C rats were fed with a combination of 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄ mixed with their feed, while group D rats were exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ mixed with their feed for 48 h, and after they were given 2200 mg ZnSO₄ for 96 h. Group E rats served as control and were fed a normal diet. Analysis of blood samples after 5 days showed that in rats of groups A, B, C, and D, WBC count increased from 6800 to 12,400 mm^?3 and platelets from 26,000 to 88,000 mm^?3. Reduction in blood counts were found for RBC from 13.8 to 4.7 × 10⁶ mm^?3, hemoglobin from 15.6 to 11.4 dL^?1, and PCV from 47 to 34%. ESR was the same 1.0 mm h^?1 in all groups. Severe damage to the liver was also shown by severe degeneration of hepatocytes and increase in Kuppfer cells. The above observations were mildest in the liver of group C rats. A reduction of body weight was observed in all treatment groups. Cd and Zn were found to be hematoxic and hepatotoxic in the Norwegian rat with Cd exhibiting greater toxicity than Zn. Toxicity of Cd was suppressed by Zn only when both metals were admistered at the same time, but a delay in intake of Zn (after 48 h) had little effect on Cd toxicity.     

偶氮二异丁腈热安全性分析与评估

为获得偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在各种热应力条件下的危险参数,通过简化的压力容器试验测试AIBN的热分解激烈性等级,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热量热仪(ARC)对AIBN的热分解过程进行研究,用动力学与热稳定性分析软件AKTS计算动力学参数在整个反应进程中的变化情况,并根据ARC测试结果推算自加速分解温度(TSADT)。结果表明:AIBN的热分解激烈性为Ⅱ类,易呈现爆炸特性;其初始分解温度和TSADT很低,分别约为78℃和61℃,且分解放热过程和熔融吸热过程同时发生。因此,在AIBN的生产、使用、贮存和运输等过程中应加强温度监控,并根据实际情况采取降温措施。     

磷酸活性炭自燃过程反应动力学研究

为研究磷酸活性炭的自燃危险性,以自制的磷酸活性炭(活化温度为300,500和700℃)为考察对象,利用同步热分析仪(STA)对活性炭氧化放热动力学进行试验研究。根据在2,5,10和20℃/min等4种不同升温速率下得到的活性炭DSC/TG曲线,结合Friedman-Reich-Levi动力学方法对反应过程中可能存在的反应机理进行初步判断。研究表明,随着活化温度的升高,活性炭的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;活性炭整个氧化反应过程中,活化能随着转化率的改变呈现一定规律性变化;碳氧化学反应和气体扩散共同影响活性炭氧化过程,且在不同阶段对氧化的贡献不同。     

某滑坡坝坝后稳定性分析

某滑坡坝位于某拟建水电站的上游,在国家级自然保护区内,是著名的旅游景点,其安全性对旅游开发、工程建设和下游居民生命财产安全影响很大,为了评价该滑坡坝的稳定性,需要对其发生洪水漫坝和渍坝的可能性进行研究,论证其安全性。通过计算的各种工况表明,滑坡坝坝后(坝体靠下游部分)是稳定的,对电站建设和下游居民不会产生威胁,滑坡坝是稳定的,可以进行综合开发。本文研究思路对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。