太湖饮用水源地附近居民暴露参数

采用问卷调查方式研究了太湖饮用水源地附近1 500人的相关暴露参数.结果表明:该地区成人平均体质量为63.07kg,男性和女性分别为67.55和57.59 kg;平均体表面积为1.71 m2,男性和女性分别为1.79和1.61 m2;主食(米饭)、水产品、肉类、蛋类、蔬菜和水果的摄入率50百分位数分别为300、33.09、102.56、48.44、291.44和216.86 g/d;直接饮水率为1 125.00mL/d.该研究结果与美国和日本《暴露参数手册》推荐值有较大差异,差异范围为-67.33%～141.08%;相比国内其他研究结果,体质量、体表面积、直接饮水率相差不大,但饮食暴露参数有较大差异.      

广州部分区域表层土壤中有机氯农药分布特征

通过在冬、夏两季对广州市部分市区和远郊区的表层土壤样品中OCPs(有机氯农药)的采样和气相色谱-电子捕获检测法分析,对OCPs残留现状进行了研究.结果表明,土壤中w(HCHs)为0.29～14.90 ng/g,未超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》的一级自然背景值.w(DDTs)为nd～697.70 ng/g.海珠区和黄埔区部分地点w(DDTs)超过一级自然背景值.DDTs为主要残留有机氯农药,平均占w(OCPs)的85.1%.所观察到的较低的w(α-HCH)/w(γ-HCH)(小于1)和w(γ-HCH)>w(β-HCH)的结果,有可能是林丹输入所致.一些地点可能有新的DDT输入.按土地利用类型划分,表层土壤中w(OCPs)为工业区>农田>果园>未利用地>居民区绿地>森林公园.      

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

基于响应面法的煤矿钻孔随钻超声成像仪器受力部件优化设计*

摘要:为研制适用于煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔、满足施工强度要求的小尺寸随钻超声成像仪器,对随钻超声成像仪器的关键受力部位——超声探头安装孔进行优化设计,分析煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔的一般规格,建立超声探头安装孔的三维模型,确定关键参数类型及其取值范围,采用极差分析法找到对受力部件强度影响较大的参数,基于响应面法开展有限元数值模拟,运用Box-Behnken设计方法得到超声探头安装孔关键参数与仪器受力部件性能指标的关系,优化受力部件关键参数的数值。结果表明:优化前最大的等效应力为138.6 MPa,优化后受力部件最大等效应力较优化前降低9.05%。结论验证了设计方法的有效性,为煤矿抽采钻孔随钻测井仪器的研制提供思路。     

尾矿砂介质渗流过程诱发声发射信号特征试验研究

为了对渗流状态进行预测预报,从而预防渗透破坏事故的发生,基于地下水位上升、不同尾矿砂粒径以及渗流速度诱发的弹性波信号,采用声发射技术对尾矿砂介质的渗流状态进行监测.由800,1100,1400 mm 3种不同水头高度(流速)下的水流分别渗入0.1～0.25,0.25～0.5,0.5～1 mm以及混合粒径的尾矿砂介质中,...     

Upper trapezius fatigue in carpet weaving: the impact of a repetitive task cycle

Introduction. Shoulder disorders are one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among carpet weavers. The most important cause of these disorders is muscle fatigue. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of carpet weaving characteristics on upper trapezius (UTr) muscle fatigue during a task cycle. Method. In this cross-sectional study, 9 women and 3 men participated. During an 80-min cycle of carpet weaving, a times-series model was applied to assess electromyography amplitude and frequency changes. Result. According to the joint analysis of electromyogram spectrum and amplitude method, the participants experienced 0% force decrease, 0.9% recovery, 18% force increase and 72% fatigue in the left UTr. Furthermore, the rates of force decrease, recovery, force increase and fatigue in the right UTr were 18%, 18%, 18% and 45%, respectively. Fatigue in the right and the left UTr was reported to be the dominant state during one carpet weaving task cycle. Conclusion. Task cycle appears to have a significant impact on UTr fatigue in participants, and UTr fatigue can be considered a serious risk factor in shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. Hence, further studies should focus on better workstations and work–rest periods during various subtasks.     

Optimization of biodiesel production from the waste cooking oil using response surface methodology

In this research, transesterification of the waste cooking oil has been studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of the main operating parameters, including the methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature, on the biodiesel yield. The results revealed that the catalyst concentration is the most important parameter. The maximum biodiesel yield under the optimized conditions was 99.38 wt.%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used for the determination of biodiesel conversion and the results were compared with that of gas chromatography (GC) analysis, showing a very small difference. Furthermore, an empirical quadratic equation has been presented to show the relation between biodiesel conversion and product viscosity.     

Investigation of affecting parameters on treating high-strength compost leachate in a hybrid EGSB and fixed-bed reactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation process

In this research, treatability of high-load compost leachate in a hybrid expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and fixed-bed (FB) bioreactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation (ECF) system was examined. The operational factors in EGSB–FB were influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and COD/nitrogen ratio (COD/N). And, their interactive effects on the efficiency of COD removal and biogas production rate (BPR) as responses were analyzed and correlated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of the hybrid EGSB–FB reactor were acquired at COD = 7800 mg/L, HRT = 35 h, COD/N = 70, in which COD removal efficiency was 83% and BPR 94 mL/h. The amount of confidence interval was 95%. COD (relevant coefficient = 9.8) and HRT (relevant coefficient = −24) were resulted respectively as the most effective parameters on COD removal and BPR. Yet, COD/N parameter imposed negative effect on COD removal and BPR in values less than about 100. The outcomes indicated that operated ECF as post-treatment in constant conditions (electrolysis time = 75 min, electrodes distance = 3 cm, voltage = 20 V) successfully satisfied discharge criteria in the most part of experimental domains.     

响应面法优化仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0非均相类Fenton降解P-NP

采用原位氧化沉淀法制备出仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0,并采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射对样品进行表征,结果表明,Fe_3O_4与Fe~0负载牢固且保持良好的晶型。采用响应面分析法对仿酶Fe_3O_4/Fe~0催化降解P-NP的工艺条件进行优化,方差分析得到二次模型显著,优化条件为:催化剂用量1.2 g/L,反应温度30℃,初始pH=2.9,初始H_2O_2浓度10 mmol/L,对硝基苯酚去除率的实际值与预测值几乎一致。     

特厚煤层综放工作面多参量监测预警分析

根据某矿12220工作面特厚煤层综放开采,穿越F16逆冲断层的特殊情况,为保证安全生产及时提供预警信息,采用微震、钻屑量、支架阻力、地表变形多种监测手段综合分析回采过程中的参量变化规律。结果表明:微震活动的峰值能量周期约为3 d,回采间距约为4.5 m,且断层下盘较上盘的微震事件能量更集中;钻屑量的统计分析发现最大值出现在上巷下帮7～11 m和下巷上帮9～11 m范围内,划定该区域为巷帮高应力集中区,并将平均钻屑量3 kg/m作为黄色预警临界值,3.5 kg/m作为红色预警临界值;另外,根据支架前、后柱阻力变化情况,划定了2个连续变化的高压力区,发现在初撑力偏低,甚至不接顶、虚顶情况下,支架梁顶部煤体受自重和构造应力作用易发生准脆性受拉断裂破坏,且在穿越逆冲断层的回采过程中,支架阻力峰值呈现由中下部向上部转移的变化规律;最后,通过对地表走向、倾向测点的变形量数据进行统计分析发现,走向面后84.9～284.8 m范围内下沉量较大,下沉速率增幅明显;而工作面倾向中部下沉量最大,整体下沉变形呈二次抛物型,其中下部下沉速率增幅明显。