Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

K/T界面冲击层的岩石矿物特征及其对论证地外撞击事件的意义

分布在世界各地的K／T界面剖面，尽管形成环境各异，但彼此之间的岩石矿物特征却有许多共同之处。对于大多数剖面来说，界面粘土层的底都普遍存在着一个结构特别的冲击层。冲击层的厚度在全球的分布并不均匀，北美和加勒比海地区可达2～50cm，而其它地区则只有几厘米。冲击层的厚度可能反映了距离撞击坑的远近。详细的岩石与矿物学研究结果表明，在北美和加勒比海地区冲击层实际上具有双层结构特征。上面的一层称为火球层，除了富集Ir和其它地外指示元素外，还含有大量的烟灰和富Ni镁铁尖晶石。下面的溅射层则含有大量的冲击玻璃球粒（玻璃陨石）和冲击变质矿物。K／T界面冲击层的发现为Ir异常的地外撞击成因解释提供了更为直接的物理证据。     

锅炉房边界噪声污染及其防治

本文引用统计数据对锅炉房边界噪声污染现状进行了叙述，分析了边界噪声超标的原因，最后对超标问题提出了几点建议，即对减轻和控制噪声污染提出了治理措施。目的是希望引起各级领导及专业人士对噪声污染的重视，切实把噪声污染的治理提到日程上，加大治理力度，为一些深受噪声污染之害的居民创造一个比较安静的环境，以解除他们的困扰。     

低层大气中固体粒子运动及其物理模拟

对于大气边界层中的固体粒子的风致运动－较大粒子的蠕动跃动和较小粒子悬浮－的主要特征作了介绍，着重介绍了在悬浮粒子运动的物理模拟研究方面的一些成果；复杂地形物低层大气湍流会显地提高起尘速率并改变降尘量的分布；有一定我向厚度的风障除了屏蔽效应－－即背风侧平均风速的减小－－外，还滕了终进入空气的灰尘数量的“宏观吸附效应”；总结了模拟悬浮粒子运动的风洞实验所应遵循的相似性准则，并提出了模拟防尘风障的中的     

浙东沿海新元古代地层的发现及其意义

在浙东沿海大片中生代火山岩覆盖区的永嘉县枫林镇附近、地层时代原定为上侏罗统茶湾组（J3c）或下白垩统馆头组（K1g）的一套沉积地层中，首次发现较为丰富的、曾产于中国某些地区新元古界和俄罗斯陆台与西伯利亚陆台上里菲及文德系中的微古植物化石。据此．该地层时代应属于新元古代。从而为研究浙东沿海基底构造提供了重要而可靠的窗口。     

Simulation of Ekman Boundary Layers by Large Eddy Model with Dynamic Mixed Subfilter Closure

Theoretical analysis of boundary layer turbulence has suggested a feasibility of sufficiently accurate turbulence resolving simulations at relatively coarse meshes. However, large eddy simulation (LES) codes, which employ traditional eddy-viscosity turbulence closures, fail to provide adequate turbulence statistics at coarse meshes especially within a surface layer. Manual tuning of parameters in these turbulence closures may correct low order turbulence statistics but severely harms spectra of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). For more than decade, engineering LES codes successfully employ dynamic turbulence closures. A dynamic Smagorinsky turbulence closure (DSM) has been already tried in environmental LES. The DSM is able to provide adequate turbulence statistics at coarse meshes but it is not completely consistent with the LES equations. This paper investigates applicability of an advanced dynamic mixed turbulence closure (DMM) to simulations of Ekman boundary layers of high Reynolds number flows. The DMM differs from the DSM by explicit calculation of the Leonard term in the turbulence stress tensor. The Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program has revealed that the Leonard term is indeed an important component of the real turbulence stress tensor. This paper presents validation of a new LES code LESNIC. The study shows that the LES code with the DMM provides rather accurate low order turbulence statistics and the TKE spectra at very coarse meshes. These coarse LES maintain more energetic small scale fluctuations of velocity especially within the surface layer. This is critically important for success of simulations. Accurate representation of higher order turbulence statistics, however, requires essentially better LES resolution. The study also shows that LES of the Ekman boundary layer cannot be directly compared with conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers. The depth of the boundary layer is an important scaling parameter for turbulence statistics.     

Weak-wind mesoscale meandering in the nocturnal boundary layer

This study examines the strength and statistical behavior of mesoscale motions on time scales up to 1 h using eight data sets over different surface types. The mesoscale motions include internal gravity waves, microfront-like structures, horizontal modes, and a complex variety of other signatures, perhaps resulting from superposition of different modes. With weak large-scale flow, the mesoscale motions lead to meandering of the wind direction, as found in previous studies. However, the meandering often takes the form of sudden wind shifts rather than oscillation of wind direction. The relative strength and impact of such mesoscale motions are examined in terms of the constancy of the wind vector, the within-record standard deviation of the wind direction and the ratio of a meso-velocity scale to the speed of the large-scale flow. The strength of the mesoscale flow varies by an order of magnitude between nights at a given site and varies systematically between sites. The statistics of the vertical structure of such motions are examined for two of the data sets, both with sonic anemometers at seven levels.     

Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Reacting Scalar Fluxes in Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Boundary Layers

In large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, the lumped coefficient in the eddy-diffusion subgrid-scale (SGS) model is known to depend on scale for the case of inert scalars. This scale dependence is predominant near the surface. In this paper, a scale-dependent dynamic SGS model for the turbulent transport of reacting scalars is implemented in large-eddy simulations of a neutral boundary layer. Since the model coefficient is computed dynamically from the dynamics of the resolved scales, the simulations are free from any parameter tuning. A set of chemical cases representative of various turbulent reacting flow regimes is examined. The reactants are involved in a first-order reaction and are injected in the atmospheric boundary layer with a constant and uniform surface flux. Emphasis is placed on studying the combined effects of resolution and chemical regime on the performance of the SGS model. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of the coefficients as function of resolution, position in the flow and chemical regime, leading to resolution-independent turbulent reactant fluxes.     

Environmental Impact of Undular Tidal Bores in Tropical Rivers

A tidal bore impacts significantly on the estuarine ecosystem, although little is known on the flow field, mixing and sediment motion beneath tidal bores. In the absence of detailed systematic field measurements, a quasi-steady flow analogy was applied to investigate undular tidal bores with inflow Froude numbers between 1.25 and 1.6. Experimental results indicated that rapid flow redistributions occur beneath the free-surface undulations, with significant variations in bed shear stress between wave crests and troughs. Dynamic similarity was used to predict detailed flow characteristics of undular tidal bores. The effects of periodic loading on river sediments, scour of river bed and flow mixing behind the bore are discussed. A better understanding of these processes will contribute to better management practices in tidal bore affected rivers, including the Styx and Daly rivers in tropical Australia.     

德兴-黄山断裂带及其邻区的地质研究进展

德兴－黄山断裂带以往都被认为是由伏川蛇绿岩套、赣东北蛇绿岩带组成的中元新古代蛇绿混杂岩带，代表扬子板块与华夏板块拼贴的北西界缝合线。近年来的地质调查表明，扬子和华夏两板块拼贴带大致介于宜丰－景德镇断裂、萍乡－广丰－江山断裂带之间，是一个多期碰撞造山带，称江南复合混杂岩带，而德兴－黄山断裂带则不具板块边界性质，仅是该混杂岩带内的一条分隔次级构造单元的边界断裂，总体呈NNE向展布，包括赣东北蛇绿混杂岩和一系列NNE向韧性剪切带和脆性断裂。伏川蛇绿岩和赣东北蛇绿岩走向上无法连接，分别代表江南复合混杂岩带内不同拉分小洋盆的沉积－构造混杂产物。本文对断裂带及其邻区前震旦纪地层重新划分进行了论述。