岷江上游营盘山遗址土壤理化特征及指示意义

古遗址地层土壤理化特征研究有助于古环境重建。以岷江上游营盘山遗址文化剖面和黄土剖面为研究对象,分析了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质和碳酸盐含量及元素地球化学等物理化学指标及其影响因素。结果表明古人类活动影响了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质、碳酸盐及元素迁移等特征,灰烬层土壤出现了环境指标不一致的现象。位于灰烬层上部的古土壤保留了与成壤强度一致的环境信息,指示出岷江上游干旱河谷区在全新世中晚期曾出现相对温暖湿润的气候特征。利用遗址区文化层剖面重建古环境需多指标对比研究,剔除人类活动的干扰信息。     

广西崇左某厂址岩溶发育特征及工程地质评价

通过对崇左地区地质调查及厂址岩土工程勘察,围绕厂址主要工程地质问题——岩溶,从发育条件、发展历史、岩溶形态的分布特点等分析研究厂址区岩溶发育特征,对建厂工程地质条件及岩溶工程的一般规律进行了评价和归纳。     

Thermal internal boundary layer and its effects on air pollutants during summer in a coastal city in North China

The thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) is associated with coastal pollution dispersion,which can result in high concentrations of air pollutants near the surface of the Earth. In this study, boundary layer height data which were obtained using a ceilometer were used to assess the effect of the TIBL on atmospheric pollutants in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in North China.A TIBL formed on 33% of summer days. When a TIBL formed, the sunshine duration was 2.4 hr longer, the wind speed was higher, the wind direction reflected a typical sea breeze, and the boundary layer height was lower from 9:00 LT to 20:00 LT compared to days without a TIBL. If no TIBL formed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) decreased with increasing boundary layer height. However, when a TIBL was observed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) increased with increasing boundary layer height. Because the air from the sea is clean, PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations reached minimums in the daytime at 16:00 LT. After16:00 LT, the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations increased rapidly on days when a TIBL formed,which indicated that the TIBL leads to the rapid accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the evening. Therefore, the maximum concentrations of particulate matters were larger when a TIBL formed compared to when no TIBL was present during the night. These results indicate that it is suitable for outdoor activities in the daytime on days with a TIBL in coastal cities.     

基于不同赋权方法的北运河上游潜在非点源污染风险时空变化特征分析

非点源污染已成为影响水生态环境和人类健康的重要因素之一,而解析非点源污染风险时空变化特征是非点源污染治理的重要前提.基于1980～ 2020年土地利用数据,采用潜在非点源污染指数(potential non-point pollution index,PNPI)模型探究基于不同赋权方法的北运河上游潜在非点源污染风险时空...     

Effects of benthic hydraulics on sediment oxygen demand in a canyon-shaped deep drinking water reservoir: Experimental and modeling study

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) is a major contributor to hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and the release of internal nutrient loading. By measuring the SOD in experimental chambers using in both dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and diffusional oxygen transfer methods, a model of SOD for a sediment bed with water current-induced turbulence was presented. An experimental study was also performed using near-sediment vertical DO profiles and correlated hydraulic parameters stimulated using a computational fluid dynamics model to determine how turbulences and DO concentrations in the overlying water affects SOD and diffusive boundary layer thickness. The dependence of the oxygen transfer coefficient and diffusive boundary layer on hydraulic parameters was quantified, and the SOD was expressed as a function of the shear velocity and the bulk DO concentrations. Theoretical predictions were validated using microelectrode measurements in a series of laboratory experiments. This study found that flow over the sediment surface caused an increase in SOD, attributed to enhanced sediment oxygen uptake and reduced substances fluxes, i.e., for a constant maximum biological oxygen consumption rate, an increased current over the sediment could increase the SOD by 4.5 times compared to stagnant water. These results highlight the importance of considering current-induced SOD increases when designing and implementing aeration/artificial mixing strategies.     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物运动及沉降的模拟研究

建立了一个从人体口腔到前3级支气管的上呼吸道3维几何模型和流场计算模型以及可吸入颗粒物运动模型.将数值模拟结果与相关的实验数据进行了对比,表明数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.在此基础上,在拉格朗日框架下追踪研究了可吸入颗粒物的运动轨迹,并统计了颗粒物在气道内不同部位的沉积分数;对人体上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物的运动及沉积过程以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,可吸入颗粒物在上呼吸道内不同部位的沉积与呼吸强度、颗粒物密度以及粒径等因素密切相关;高呼吸强度时颗粒物在气管内的沉积分数明显升高,且随粒径的增大呈下降趋势;颗粒物在喉部的沉积分数最大,可以达到35%左右,但沉积分数受呼吸强度和粒径的影响相对较小;颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数随粒径增大呈明显下降趋势;中小呼吸强度下颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数明显高于高呼吸强度下的沉积分数.研究成果可以为可吸入颗粒物对人体健康影响的研究以及医学中气溶胶吸入疗法的研究等提供一定的依据.     

永定河上游主要河流地表水水质时空变化特征

2022年冬奥会水质安全保障是目前永定河上游水环境保护的重要工作。通过对2013—2017年永定河上游张家口地区河流水质的长期监测,研究永定河上游张家口地区主要河流地表水水质时空变化及其主要污染物年通量。结果表明:(1)2017年永定河上游张家口地区洋河上游水质清洁,中下游水质中度污染;清水河上游水质清洁,下游水质轻度污染;桑干河水质清洁。(2)不同河流水质年际变化差异明显。其中,洋河上游年际变化较小,中下游水质趋于恶化;清水河和桑干河水质波动较小;全流域五年综合污染指数为0.82,对应水质级别为轻污染。(3)洋河和清水河水质季节变化明显,而桑干河水质季节变化不明显。洋河夏季水质较差,清水河上游春季水质劣于夏秋季。总磷和氟化物是永定河上游主要污染物,洋河是污染物主要贡献源,其中总磷贡献率为74%,氟化物贡献率为61%;且总磷是水污染主要的限制因子,一旦污染,治理十分困难,因此应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

新冠肺炎疫情期间天津市重污染天气的边界层特征

为探讨新冠肺炎疫情期间天津市重污染天气成因,利用环境监测、气象常规观测及255 m气象塔梯度观测,结合WRF-Chem模式研究了天津市2020年2月9—13日新冠肺炎疫情期间重污染过程来源及边界层特征。结果表明：水平和垂直扩散条件变差、地面弱气压场和暖湿明显为此次重污染天气的主要特征;重污染天气过程外来源的区域输送率达54.6%;稳定类层结（E类和F类）占比高达67.5%,较为稳定的大气造成大气扩散条件变差,是污染发生的重要气象条件;污染过程逆温率达50.0%,垂直温差、逆温厚度、逆温强度与PM_2.5浓度相关性分别为0.99、0.90和0.56,逆温层的存在是污染过程维持的主要因素。