STUDY ON DROUGHT DISASTER & MANAGEMENT MEASURES

Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｆｌｏｏｄｉｎｇ ,ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｓｌｏｗｌｙｂｕｔｌａｓｔｓｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｆａｒ ｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇｉｍｐａｃｔｓ.Ｗｈｅｒｅａｓｆｌｏｏｄｉｎｇｉｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈａｇｒｅａｔｄｅａｌｏｆｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ＆ｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ,ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔｉｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈａｆｅｗｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｓ.Ａｓｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄｅｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｄｒ…     

自然资源系统的演化及其动力机制

在概述了自然资源和自然资源系统含义的基础上，分析了自然资源系统在人类发展的不同阶段（采集狩猎社会、原始农业社会、传统农业社会、工业社会、后工业社会、知识经济社会）的演化过程及其主要特征，并从自然界和人类活动两个方面探讨了自然资源系统演化的动力机制。     

西部地区农村人力资源的开发利用--对岩镇农村人力资源开发现状的调查分析

首先论述了农村人力资源开发的重要地位和作用,然后通过对西部地区雅安市对岩镇村人力资源状况的调查与分析,结合实际及当前经济发展的需要,就如何搞好对岩镇农村人力资源的开发以服务于地方经济,提出了一系列切实可行的措施,以供西部地区的类似小镇借鉴。     

CREATING MEANINGFUL STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN WATERSHED PLANNING IN PIERCE COUNTY,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Since 1989, the government of Pierce County, Washington, has prepared four watershed action plans. The watersheds cover almost 800,000 acres and include about 600,000 residents and diverse land uses, from the city of Tacoma to Mount Rainier National Park. The primary purpose of these plans was to address water quality impacts from nonpoint sources of pollution and to protect beneficial uses of water. Pierce County has experienced problems such as shellfish bed closures and the Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) listing of local water bodies as a result of declining water quality. Pierce County achieved improvements by engaging diverse groups of stakeholders in generating solutions to nonpoint sources of water pollution through our watershed planning process. Using participatory methods borrowed from private industry, Pierce County was able to reach consensus, build trust, maximize participation, facilitate learning, encourage creativity, develop partnerships, shorten time frames for the planning processes, and increase the level of commitment participants had to implementing the plans. As a result, the earliest plans have a high rate of voluntary implementation. This indicates that the process and methodology used to develop watershed plans has a significant, if not critical, impact on their success.     

Consequences of Pollution and Degradation of Nigerian Aquatic Environment on Fisheries Resources

Throughout the world, human use of water, and bad planning have led to drier and polluted rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources with dramatic effects on the natural ecosystems. Nigeria's vast freshwater resources are among those most affected by environmental stress imposed by human population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Disposal and management of wastes in Nigeria present serious environmental problems. The usual methods of waste disposal in the country are: land filling, dumpsites, land spreads, water disposal, and incineration. Each of these methods has serious environmental implications because of their potential to pollute and contaminate underground and surface water bodies in the country. Major cities in Nigeria face serious water pollution crises, in which lack of environmental control of water-dependent activities (including domestic, agricultural, and industrial) play an important part. Fish and marine resources in the country face total collapse or extinction, due to over-fishing and destruction of marine life and natural habitats by pollution of water bodies. Unregulated and excessive use of pesticides for fishing and the deliberate disposal and dumping of toxic and hazardous wastes into water bodies are significant causes of massive fish kills and loss of aquatic life and habitats in the country. The protection of water quality and aquatic ecosystem as a vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and environment is of utmost importance to prevent further pollution and degradation of Nigeria's freshwater resources. Integrating operational measures for safeguarding adequate levels of protection of endemic habitats remains a major challenge. There is therefore a need to examine in tandem the entire range of uses to which freshwater is put, and to design services which neither squander precious resources nor fail to respect other, competing and complementary water needs.This paper attempts to provide an overview of the Nigerian freshwater resources, to assess the pollution status of inland waters, identify the sources of pollution, and infer the consequent effect on fisheries resource. Recommendations were proffered on the strategies to employ to ensure that Nigerian fishery resources are adequately managed in order to address the issue of food security.     

Nigerian Supreme Court and ownership of offshore oil

This article discusses the decision of the Supreme Court of Nigeria on the constitutional provision dealing with the sharing of revenues derived from natural resources located within the states of the Federation, the ‘derivation principle.’ Although the case relates to the interpretation of a constitutional provision, the arguments of the parties suggest that the real battle was — and still is — about the ownership and control of Nigeria's offshore oil. The article details the legal history and precedents as well as constitutional provisions relevant to the case. Disagreements arose over legal questions such as the seaward boundaries of littoral states (from which oil revenues are derived), and whether a distinction can be made between offshore and onshore oil revenues in applying a 13% constitutionally prescribed derivation principle. The article shows that, in its judgment, Nigeria's Supreme Court relied heavily on rules of international law, while failing to apply existing Nigerian laws and constitutional provision, and argues that the decision might have been different had the court investigated and invoked the legislative history of the provision in question, as required in Nigerian law. Furthermore, it is argued that the court was wrong to disregard the provision of the law which had abolished any distinction between onshore and offshore natural resources in the application of the derivation principle. The article concludes that the legal tug of war is set to continue for some years.     

资源综合利用对发展山东工业的作用与对策

山东可持续发展的重点是建立可持续发展的工业体系，而搞好资源节约和综合利用是建立可持续发展工业体系的关键。作者提出了今后山东工业开展资源节约和综合利用，建立可持续发展工业体系的总体指导思想、基本思路和相应的对策建议。     

资源所有权制度改革与西部地区经济发展

随着资源的开采，西部许多地区不是越来越富而是越来越穷，形成了资源富有与经济落后的强烈反差，出现了“富饶的贫困”现象。在资源所有权制度改革中应充分考虑资源利益的多主体性和不同利益主体之间的利益综合平衡，尤其需要考虑到资源所在地的利益问题，确立资源地区对属地资源的收益权，增强资源地自我约束、自我积累、自我发展的能力，才能保证西部资源的开发能有效地带动当地经济的发展。     

渝西南旅游资源的开发与利用

渝西南地区拥有丰富的旅游资源和良好的开发条件，发展该地区旅游资源对整个重庆市旅游业的发展具有积极的意义。作者在分析了渝西南旅游开发的必要性和有利条件的基础上，提出了若干开发对策。     

中国资源管理模式的发展历程与改革思路

研究资源管理模式对实现自然资源可持续利用具有重要意义。中国在开发利用自然资源的过程中，经过了供给管理、需求管理、资源化管理、资产化管理等几个不同的管理模式，在分析比较这些管理模式的产生背景、主要内容和优缺点的基础上，借鉴国外发达国家资源管理模式的成功经验，认为中国应该采用资源化管理与资产化管理相结合的资源管理模式，提出了部分对策建议。