江苏省环境与社会经济发展特征分析及对策

环境与社会经济发展既相互促进又相互制约,研究经济持续增长背景下的两者发展特征与关系,对于采取经济环境一体化的综合决策、促进可持续发展具有现实指导意义。利用1991—2010年江苏省社会经济、污染物排放和环境质量数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析等方法,对江苏省主要社会经济与环境指标发展变化特征进行了系统分析。结果表明,1991—2010年间江苏省社会经济发展呈现持续增长态势,由此带来的资源能源与环境压力亦持续增加;同时,由于实施了一系列政策措施,有效减缓、控制了污染排放和环境质量恶化趋势,但仍面临环境承载能力薄弱、经济结构偏重、能源消费不合理、区域发展不均衡等影响环境与社会经济协调发展的问题。为此,提出进一步处理好经济发展、社会进步与生态环境保护关系的对策建议。     

社区防灾减灾资源评价体系探讨

社区是社会的细胞,是城市的基础组成部分,完善城市公共防灾减灾系统,必须从社区着手。通过对城市社区的分类介绍,对社区内常见公共防灾减灾资源进行了归纳分析,总结出社区防灾减灾资源与社区常见灾害事故的应对关系,构建了社区防灾减灾资源评价体系,并且利用层次分析法和专家打分,确立了各个评价指标的分值及权重系数,还对单项灾害防治资源进行评价打分,在此基础上提出了防灾减灾资源总体评价算法。     

Environmental Effects on Rural-to-Urban Migration in China

Abstract: Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the en...     

MM5与CALMET对北京地区风能资源的初步模拟

利用MM5与CALMET模拟了北京地区10、30、50和70 m高度的风速和风功率密度分布,结果表明：各高度层风速与风功率密度的地域分布具有一致性,模拟的风速最大区位于门头沟西北部,而昌平西部、房山北部及延庆西部的风速次之,风速最小区位于顺义和东部城区;风功率密度的模拟显示京西地区和西北部地区的风资源较为丰富,北京东部、东南部和东北部及市区周边的风资源相对较小,开发潜力低。利用3座测风塔和3个气象站风速观测数据对模拟结果进行了初步检验,表明MM5与CALMET基本能模拟出风速的月变化和日变化特征,模拟和观测具有较好相关性,但模式存在对黄草梁和北梁地区模拟结果偏高、对涧沟地区模拟结果偏低的系统性误差,这可能与模拟区域地形复杂及模式自身分辨率不够等有关。     

厌氧反应器废水资源化过程在线监测系统

为克服现行厌氧反应器状态离线分析的滞后性,充分利用资源,改进废水排放状态,研究了基于荧光光谱的废水资源化处理过程在线监测系统。系统以厌氧反应器中的关键产物色氨酸、核黄素及辅酶为主要检测组分,自动定位滤波轮并控制脉冲氙灯的闪烁次数,使用光电倍增管采集荧光信号。针对反应产物的混合体系,提出了将三维数据二维化的准三维荧光谱概念,优化获得了的3×3荧光强度矩阵,采用偏最小二乘法并优化其模型参数,实现了反应器中3种关键过程产物的实时在线检测、统计与分析,使其回收率范围达到85%至112%。     

生态文明建设与再生资源产业

党的十八大将生态文明建设提升到五位一体总体布局的战略高度,要求把生态文明建设放在突出地位,融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程。从人类文明转型的高度,分析了推进生态文明建设的历史必然性,探寻了再生资源产业与生态文明建设间的内在联系,剖析了再生资源产业的典型特征,并对生态文明建设与再生资源产业的未来发展进行了展望.     

America’s Rivers and the American Experiment1

Doyle, Martin W., 2012. America’s Rivers and the American Experiment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 820‐837. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00652.x Abstract:  America’s rivers are managed, over long periods of time, based on the most basic ideologies of the United States (U.S.) government. An essential notion of the U.S. government, and thus a necessity of river management, is governing as experiment. This leads to three necessary characteristics of river management: (1) adapting management practices based on experience and thus creating management and agency structures that are highly malleable and that can change directions, (2) overlapping of management roles and responsibilities between agencies which includes intentional redundancy and interagency competition, and (3) federalism — the devolution of responsibilities between national, state, and other unit governments (e.g., municipalities, counties). While these characteristics are often criticized as inefficient, in fact they have provided a surprisingly effective system for river management that has responded to the needs of society at different times and in different places. A key question for river and water resource managers is whether this particular system, so initially unappealing, is best able to meet the future needs of the U.S.     

基于矿产资源租的国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度比较

当前,我国矿产资源领域的制度建设相对滞后.西方市场经济国家经过多年建立起来的矿产资源有偿使用制度,对我国相关制度的建设具有借鉴意义.文章从稀缺租和李嘉图的级差地租的视角出发,对国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度的经济学基础进行了分析,指出了国内外各种矿产资源税费所代表的矿产资源租的含义.在此基础上,梳理出国内外矿产资源税费的对应关系,指出:①我国的资源税、矿产资源补偿费、矿区使用费相当于国外的权利金;②矿业权价款相当于国外的红利;③矿业权使用费相当于国外的矿业权出让金;④石油特别收益金相当于国外的资源租金税;⑤而对应于国外的资源耗竭补贴,我国还没有出台相应的税费.文章建议新的矿产资源有偿使用制度改革方案应达到两点,第一,理顺租、税、费之间的关系;第二,理顺对级差地租和稀缺租的征收,在新古典经济学的框架下,寻求一个对级差地租和稀缺租征收的最优水平,实现国家的资源所有权益,减小社会收入分配不公,补偿外部性和代际成本.     

Integrated Approaches to Natural Resources Management in Practice: The Catalyzing Role of National Adaptation Programmes for Action

The relationship of forests in water quantity and quality has been debated during the past years. At the same time, focus on climate change has increased interest in ecosystem restoration as a means for adaptation. Climate change might become one of the key drivers pushing integrated approaches for natural resources management into practice. The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is an initiative agreed under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. An analysis was done to find out how widely ecosystem restoration and integrated approaches have been incorporated into NAPA priority adaptation projects. The data show that that the NAPAs can be seen as potentially important channel for operationalizing various integrated concepts. Key challenge is to implement the NAPA projects. The amount needed to implement the NAPA projects aiming at ecosystem restoration using integrated approaches presents only 0.7% of the money pledged in Copenhagen for climate change adaptation.     

Uranium bioaccumulation and biological disorders induced in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after a depleted uranium waterborne exposure

Because of its toxicity and its ubiquity within aquatic compartments, uranium (U) represents a significant hazard to aquatic species such as fish. In a previous study, we investigated some biological responses in zebrafish either exposed to depleted or to enriched U (i.e., to different radiological activities). However, results required further experiments to better understand biological responses. Moreover, we failed to clearly demonstrate a significant relationship between biological effects and U radiological activity. We therefore chose to herein examine U bioaccumulation and induced effects in zebrafish according to a chemical dose-response approach. Results showed that U is highly bioconcentrated in fish, according to a time- and concentration-dependent model. Additionally, hepatic antioxidant defenses, red blood cells DNA integrity and brain acetylcholinesterase activity were found to be significantly altered. Generally, the higher the U concentration, the sooner and/or the greater the effect, suggesting a close relationship between accumulation and effect.